陕西延安觉德遗址两周时期植物资源利用研究

A study on the utilization of plant resources during the Zhou Dynasty at Juede site in Yan'an,Shaanxi Province

陕北高原作为中原农耕区与内蒙古草原游牧地区的过渡地带,一直以来都是研究历史时期华夷互动关系的重要区域。两周时期是华夏族群主体形成的重要时期,了解这一时期陕北高原先民对植物资源的利用情况,揭示该地区先民的生业经济特征,对理解华夏族群的形成过程有着重要意义。本研究选取陕北高原南部延安地区觉德遗址两周时期33份浮选样品进行分析,共发现15种炭化植物遗存,共计1279粒,其中农作物有粟(Setaria italica)和黍(Panicum miliaceum),非农作物有狗尾草(Setaria viridis)、藜属(Chenopodium sp.)、地肤(Kochia scoparia)、猪毛菜(Salsola sp.)、虫实(Corispermum sp.)、草木樨(Melilotus officinalis)、胡枝子(Lespedeza sp.)等。该时段农作物包括粟1046粒,占出土植物总数的81.8%(出土概率72.7%);黍65粒,占出土植物总数的5.1%(出土概率48.5%),表明觉德遗址两周时期先民从事以粟为主,以黍为辅的旱作农业;此外,觉德先民对非农作物的利用集中于藜科(数量百分比7.7%,出土概率51.5%)和豆科植物(数量百分比2.6%,出土概率24.2%)。觉德遗址出土两周时期农作物与非农作物种子比例为6.6:1,远小于关中盆地东周时期的数据,但高于陕北高原北部的遗址数据,显示出此时该遗址的农业开发范围和农田管理居中的水平。

As the transition zone between the Central Plain and the Mongolian Grassland,Northern Shaanxi Plateau has been regarded as an important area to study the interaction between the ethnic groups of Huaxia(华夏)and Yi(夷)in the history of China.The Zhou Dynasty was an important period for the formation of the main body of the Chinese nation.In order to reveal the formation process of Chinese ethnic groups,it is of great significance to understand the utilization of plant resources and subsistence economic characteristics of ancestors in northern Shaanxi Plateau in Zhou Dynasty.In this study,there are 33 the Zhou Dynasty period flotation samples from the Juede site(36°20'45″N,110°00'48″E)in Yan'an area,Shaanxi Provence,15 kinds of carbonized plant seeds were identified in this study,a total of 1279 grains were found in Zhou Dynasty including crops i.e.foxtail millet(Setaria italica),common millet(Panicum miliaceum)and a wide variety of non-crops i.e.Setaria viridis,Chenopodium sp.,Kochia scoparia,Salsola sp.,Corispermum sp.,Melilotus officinalis,Lespedeza sp.There are 1046 grains of foxtail millet(percentage:81.8%,ubiquity:72.7%)and 65 grains of common millet(percentage:5.1%,ubiquity:48.5%)were found,which indicates that the crop structure was dominated by foxtail millet,while the common millet was the auxiliary component.In addition,the utilization of non-agricultural crops were concentrated on Chenopodiaceae(percentage:7.7%,ubiquity:51.5%)and Fabaceae(percentage:2.6%,ubiquity:24.2%).The ratio between crop and non-crop is 6.6:1 during the Zhou Dynasty at Juede site,which is much lower than that during the Eastern Zhou period in Guanzhong Basin,but higher than the data of sites in northern Shaanxi Plateau,indicating the middle level of agricultural development and farmland management at this site.