张衡地动仪工作原理探究

Exploration of Mechanical Principles of the Zhang Heng Seismograph

张衡地动仪至今仍未得到公认的复原模型,通过对张衡的哲学思想、科学成就等史料研究,对袁宏著《后汉纪》中描述地动仪的文字内容进行分析,对张衡研制的“地动仪”和“水运浑象”进行比较,认为地动仪为自动运行一体化精密仪器,可实现对微弱地振动信号感知、放大和记录功能。结合当时的历史背景和科技水平,提出了三点悬挂复合物理摆+机械杠杆放大的地动仪复原技术方案,详细介绍了地动仪摆锤的悬挂方式、八个方向地振动信号的提取、机械杠杆放大机构和擒纵机构的设计思路,并研制了实验样机,证实地动仪工作原理具有科学性,且能与文献中描述地动仪的文字内容相互验证。

The restoration model of Zhang Heng’s seismograph has remained unverified so far.By studying Zhang Heng’s philosophical thoughts,scientific achievements and other historical materials,this paper analyzed the text description of the seismograph in Hou Han Ji proposed by Yuan Hong,compared the“seismograph”and“Water-Powered Celestial Globe”developed by Zhang Heng.This investigation discerned that the seismograph was a sophisticated,autonomously functioning instrument capable of detecting,amplifying,and recording weak seismic vibrations.Considering the historical background and scientific and technological level of the era,this research introduces a restoration methodology for the seismograph,featuring a three-point suspension composite physical pendulum and a mechanical lever amplification system.The suspension mode of the seismograph pendulum,the extraction of eight direction ground vibration signals,the design ideas of the mechanical lever amplification mechanism and anchor-escapement mechanism were introduced in detail.Furthermore,an experimental prototype was developed to validate the scientific viability of the seismograph’s operational principles,which can be verified with descriptions found in historical literature.