金属有机框架纳米酶在临床检测中的应用

Metal-Organic Framework-Based Nanozymes for Clinical Applications

酶作为天然的生物催化剂,在生物化学反应中发挥着重要的作用。由于天然酶受限其固有的缺点(稳定性低、成本高、储存困难等),具有催化活性的人工模拟酶应运而生。近年来,随着纳米材料迅速发展,仿酶催化纳米材料(纳米酶)逐渐受到研究者们的关注。纳米酶是一类具有类似天然酶活性的纳米材料,其制备过程简单、成本较低,有一定环境耐受性。然而大多数纳米酶类酶活性较低,稳定性相对较差,在生物分析应用中存在诸多困难。其中,金属有机框架(MOF)纳米酶具有高比表面积及孔隙率、活性位点均匀、较强的催化活性及稳定性等性质,且合成简单可控、成本低;此外,较天然酶而言,MOF纳米酶也以其独特的生物化学优势,在临床检测中发挥着巨大应用价值。本文主要基于MOF纳米酶的不同酶活性分类(过氧化物酶、氧化酶、过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶、水解酶),对其在核酸、蛋白质及小分子三大生物标志物在临床检测中的应用进行概述,并进一步展望了其在临床检测中面临的机遇与挑战,以推动MOF纳米酶的临床应用转化。

Enzymes are considered as natural biocatalysts,which catalyze many biochemical reactions with good catalytic efficiency,biocompatibility,and substrate specificity.The intrinsic limitations of natural enzymes such as low stability,high cost,and storage difficulty have led to the introduction of artificial enzymes that imitate the activity of natural enzymes.With the rapid development of nanomaterials in the recent decade,novel enzyme-mimicking nanomaterials(nanozymes)have attracted considerable attention from researchers.Nanozymes are defined as a class of artificial nanomaterials possessing intrinsic enzymes-like activities,which have the advantages of simple preparation processes,low cost and some environmental tolerance.However,most of them are limited by their low activity and relatively poor stability,leading to many difficulties in the application of biochemical analysis.Among them,metal-organic framework nanozymes(MOFs)have demonstrated a wide range of uses because of their evident favorable circumstances,including the large surface area and porosity for functionalization,uniform active sites,high catalytic activity and stability,simple and controllable synthesis and low cost.In this review,we provide a summary of the clinical detection application of MOFs in nucleic acid,protein and small molecules based on their different activity classification(peroxidase,oxidase,catalase,superoxide dismutase,and hydrolase).Finally,we look forward to the opportunities and challenges that MOFs will face in clinical detection,promoting their clinical application transformation.