基于GIS技术的中国地区牛源弓形虫流行病学及空间分布特征研究

Epidemiology and spatial distribution of Toxoplasma gondii in cattle in China,on the basis of geographical information systems

目的了解我国牛源弓形虫的流行现状及空间分布特征,以期为牛源弓形虫疾病监测和预防策略提供科学依据。方法检索中国知网、百度学术和PubMed数据库,搜集我国区域近40年(1985—2022年)的牛源弓形虫相关文献,应用地理信息系统(Geographical information systems,GIS)对我国牛源弓形虫的流行情况进行空间定位与表达。结果我国牛源弓形虫血清抗体总阳性率为11.08%(8139/73480,95%CI:10.96%~11.20%)。南方地区比北方地区的牛源弓形虫病问题严重,南方地区牛源弓形虫感染率为14.74%(4332/29383,95%CI:13.46%~16.02%),而北方地区感染率为9.23%(4294/46501,95%CI:8.97%~9.49%),但两者间无统计学差异(χ^(2)=27.964,P>0.05)。牛源弓形虫血清抗体阳性率较高的省份有浙江(27.64%,76/275,95%CI:22.34%~32.94%)、重庆(27.25%,94/345,95%CI:22.57%~31.93%)、西藏(21.97%,76/346,95%CI:22.57%~26.35%)和湖南(20.26%,487/2404,95%CI:12.93%~36.13%)。江西、湖北、香港地区、澳门地区和台湾地区尚未见对牛弓形虫病的流行病学调查。我国牛源弓形虫流行病学调查主要集中在青海、河南、云南、新疆和甘肃等省份,尤其青海地区,涉及的地级县市高达20个。我国牦牛弓形虫血清抗体总阳性率为16.27%(1469/9029,95%CI:15.51%~17.03%)。牦牛弓形虫阳性率较高的省份有四川(33.73%,85/252,95%CI:30.75%~36.71%),西藏(26.96%,62/230,95%CI:21.23%~32.67%)和甘肃(22.53%,639/2836,95%CI:21.00%~24.06%)。与1985—2004年采集的牛源和牦牛源弓形虫感染率相比,2005—2022年我国牛源和牦牛源弓形虫总感染率明显降低(χ^(2)=1393.914,P<0.05)。结论应用GIS技术可视化展现了我国牛源弓形虫的空间分布特征;牛源弓形虫在我国广泛传播,流行周期稳定,且不同地区间的弓形虫阳性率差异很大,应加强对牛源弓形虫感染的监测和防控。

The present study was aimed at evaluating the seroprevalence and spatial distribution characteristics of Toxoplasma in cattle in China,to provide a scientific basis for surveillance and prevention of Toxoplasma infection in cattle.Relevant literature in the past 40 years(1985-2022)on Toxoplasma in cattle in China was retrieved from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure,Baidu Scholar,and PubMed databases.Geographical information systems(GIS)were used to locate and determine the prevalence of Toxoplasma in cattle in China.The estimated pooled seroprevalence of Toxoplasma was 11.08%(8139/73480,95%CI:10.96%-11.20%)in China.Bovine to xoplasmosis was found to be a more serious problem in southern than northern regions.The prevalence of Toxoplasma infection in cattle was 14.74%(4332/29383,95%CI:13.46%-16.02%)in southern China and 9.23%(4294/4601,95%CI:8.97%-9.49%)in northern China,but no significant difference was observed between regions(χ^(2)=27.964,P>0.05).High seroprevalence of Toxoplasma were observed in cattle in the districts of Zhejiang(27.64%,76/275,95%CI:22.34%-32.94%),Chongqing(27.25%,94/345,95%CI:22.57%-31.93%),Tibet(21.97%,76/346,95%CI:22.57%-26.35%),and Hunan(20.26%,487/2404,95%CI:12.93%-36.13%).In the Jiangxi,Hubei,Hong Kong,Macao,and Taiwan Districts,no epidemiological studies on Toxoplasma infections had been conducted in cattle.Epidemiological investigations of Toxoplasma in cattle in China were concentrated in Qinghai,Henan,Yunnan,Xinjiang,and Gansu Provinces,particularly the Qinghai Region,involving as many as 20 prefecture-level counties and cities.Furthermore,the total positivity rate of serum antibodies to Toxoplasma in yaks in China was 16.27%(1469/9029,95%CI:15.51%-17.03%).The infection rates of Toxoplasma in yaks were high in Sichuan(33.73%,85/252,95%CI:30.75%-36.71%),Tibet(26.96%,62/230,95%CI:21.23%-32.67%),and Gansu(22.53%,639/2836,95%CI:21.00%-24.06%).The total prevalence of Toxoplasma infections in cattle and yaks in China decreased significantly from 1985-2004 to 2005-2022(χ^(2)=1393.914,P<0.05).The present study suggested that the spatial distribution characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii in cattle in China could be visualized with GIS technology.Toxoplasma in cattle was widespread in China,with a stable epidemic cycle,and the positivity rates of Toxoplasma varied greatly among regions.Thus,efforts in surveillance,prevention,and control of Toxoplasma infection in cattle should be strengthened.