新疆史前农牧经济与社会形态

Prehistoric Agriculture and Pastoral Economy and Social Formations in Xinjiang

经济是社会发展的重要物质基础,新疆史前农牧经济可根据不同类型和发展特点分为阿勒泰、天山和南疆三个区域,受其影响社会进程及发展动力也存在区域性、阶段性和多样性的特点。阿勒泰区在史前时期始终以牧业经济占主导地位,早期铁器时代在游牧业的推动下开始社会复杂化进程。青铜时代早中期西天山在稳定农牧经济和冶铜手工业的推动下进入复杂的酋邦社会,到早期铁器时代游牧业成为主导经济,天山区才普遍建立起金字塔式的多阶层社会。南疆区在史前以农牧结合的定居经济为主,受环境和生产力限制,维持着相对平等的氏族社会。

Economy is an important material foundation for social development.The prehistoric agricultural and pastoral economy in Xinjiang can be divided into three parts in terms of region according to their patterns and development characteristics:Altay,Tianshan,and Southern Xinjiang.Upon these influences,the social processes and driving forces in each region also show regional,temporal,and diverse characteristics.In the Altai region,pastoral economy took dominance during prehistoric times,and the early Iron Age saw the initiation of a process of social complexity driven by nomadic herding.In the Early and Middle Bronze Age,driven by stable agricultural and pastoral economies,as well as the development of copper handicraft industry,the western Tianshan region transitioned into a complex tribal society.It was only during the early Iron Age that nomadic economy became the dominant economy,leading to the establishment of a pyramid-like multi-layered society in the Tianshan region.In contrast,Southern Xinjiang primarily relied on a settled economy combining agriculture and pastoralism in prehistoric times,maintaining a relatively egalitarian clan society due to environmental and productivity constraints.