《格萨尔》史诗中的苯教恰央文化研究

On the Chayang cultural of Bon Religion reflected in Gesar Epic

恰央文化是居住在青藏高原上的先民在千百年繁衍生息的历史进程中创造出的精神财富之一,是一种具有浓厚地方特色的区域性文化,它以其特殊的内容、形式和结构成为中华民族传统文化的重要组成部分。在漫长的历史演进过程中,恰央文化的形式和内容也产生了重大变化,尤其是藏族英雄史诗《格萨尔》对其进行了延伸和改组,并为其赋予了新的文化内涵。文章通过对斯巴苯教重要文献《恰央祈福斯巴神父雅拉达珠仪轨经》的重新梳理,从恰央的神、器具和对象三方面对《格萨尔》史诗中恰央文化的表现形式进行了探讨。认为,恰央仪轨的原始内涵是对人、马、牛、羊、青稞的祈求信仰,应当归入斯巴苯教文化范畴。同时,这一信仰在《格萨尔》史诗中得到了发展和升华,从而延伸出对草木、饮食、商贸、长寿、珠宝、兵器、圣法等各方面内容的祈求信仰,甚至吸纳了佛教招财神而出现了黄财神信仰。因此,英雄格萨尔王除魔降妖的终极目的就是招财进宝,而《格萨尔》也是一部恰央祈史诗。

Chayang(phywa gyang in Tibetan)created by the inhabitants of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,is an important part of Tibetan culture,which vividly reflects in Gesar Epic.This article,based on Bon document cha theory(phywa gzhung in Tibetan)entitled Great Chazhung of Six Founding Father of The Universe(srid pa yab Iha bdal drug gi phywa gzhung in Tibetan)and that of occurred in Gesar Epic,makes a comparative study on the deities applied in summoning the forces of prosperity(phywa gyang vgugs pa in Tibetan)and the objects of the chayang,the direct relation between the episodic titles of Gesar Epic and the subjects of summoning the forces of prosperity described in the Chazhung,further states that the chayang culture found in Gesar Epic experienced gradual changes from a culture of mainly animal husbandry to a culture related to all aspects.