藏语卫藏方言中若干常用口语词汇之正字研究

Transcribing vernacular words in U-tsang Dialect into standard Tibetan

文章对照历代先贤著作和词典,主要对藏语若干方言口语词汇进行了考证。藏语主要分为卫藏、康巴、安多三大方言区,而这些方言中的词汇,有些容易找到正字,有些不容易找到正字,甚至有些无法找到正字。方言词汇转化为书面语,首先应当遵循“挖”的原则,翻阅历代先贤典籍和词典挖掘与方言对应的书面语词汇,如卫藏方言中表示吉祥或上佳义项的词“■”或“■”,在先贤典籍中明明有与其对应的书面语词汇,但未见卫藏文人使用,反而创造新词5来表示上述意义。有些方言词汇不能直接转化成书面语词汇,需要找出与其意思相近的词来表达,如卫藏方言中的吃饭一词“■”正确书面语写法应为“■”“■”一词不仅在先贤典籍中已有记载,且《汉藏大辞典》中该词释义为有食物剩余之义,卫藏的书写方式的“■”却无法表此义。有些方言口语词汇在书面语中没有对应的词汇,且在先贤典籍中无迹可寻。这种方言词汇的书面语形式可适当创造新词,但创造新词也应当有理有据,遵循藏语本身的语法规律。规范新词术语虽然可以丰富语言本身,然而一味追寻现代,随意创造新词,反而不利于语言的发展。文章认为,三大方言区的文人,严格遵循“挖”的原则,使用发扬语言本身固有的词汇,深挖未果,再行创造新词,不易烂造新词。

This article mainly focuses on the transcribing vernacular words in U-tsang Dialect into standard Tibetan with some examples drawn from Amdo Dialect.When the vernacular words are transcribed into standard Tibetan,the works conducted by the successive masters must be refenced.When the spellings of the vernacular words are found in dictionaries,a careful examination is demanded.When the spellings of the vernacular words could not be found in dictionaries and works of the masters,the proper way of spelling must be shown with reasons.At the same time,one should encourage others to use the transcribable vernacular words in daily works.