肖像许可使用合同中的人格保护规则探究

Exploration on Personality Protection Rule in Portrait Licensing Contract

人格尊严作为个人自治的终极目的,内在于人格权的积极利用之中,但关于如何设置人格保护规则以合理解决自治与尊严冲突的研究尚不多见。实践中人格保护水平不一、交易安全性较低等问题普遍存在,关于肖像权人的处分权能、对争议条款作出“有利于肖像权人的解释”,以及肖像权人基于“正当理由”的特殊解除权等法律规定均亟待理论澄清。基于人格权一元理论,人格保护规则应使肖像等人格标识尽可能地保留于主体自我决定的范畴,而非建立在精神利益须绝对保护或一般性地将肖像权人视为弱者的基础上。有鉴于此,应在缔约和合同履行两个阶段形塑人格保护规则,通过明确肖像许可使用合同成立的要素,以及为排他性许可合同设立缺省规则,提升肖像权人的理性自治能力。特殊解释规则应被理解为肖像权人仅在实现合同目的绝对必要的范围内处分肖像利益,并在宽泛理解“正当理由”构成类型的前提下,严格审查解除合同的必要性,通过保障肖像权人始终控制对其人格利益的自决权,实现人格保护和交易安全的利益平衡。

Dignity,as the ultimate goal of personal autonomy,is embedded in the active use of personality rights,but research on how to establish personality protection rules to reasonably resolve conflicts between autonomy and dignity is still lacking.This has led to many practical problems.Regarding the right to image,provisions such as the"interpretation of the use-clauses in favor of the depicted person"and the special termination right based on"due cause"'are in need of clarification.Based on the monistic theory of personality rights,the rules of personality protection should keep personal indicia such as portraits as much as possible within the realm of self-determination of the subject,rather than on the basis that all interests related to personality need special protection or that the depicted person is disadvantaged.Thus,personality protection rules should be formulated at both the contracting and contract performance stages to enhance the rationality of the depicted person.The special rule of interpretation shall be understood to mean that the depicted person shall dispose of the portrait interest only to the extent absolutely necessary to achieve the purpose of the contract,and while the type of"due cause"deserves broad understanding,its substance shall be strictly scrutinized.The depicted person is guaranteed to always control the right to self-determination over his or her personality interests,to achieve a balance of interests between personality protection and transaction security.