美好生活的个体建构:赫勒日常生活理论的当代旨趣

The Individual Construction of a Good Life:The Contemporary Connotation of Heller’s Theory of Daily Life

美好生活作为唯物史观的应然理想,深植于日常生活的现实土壤之中。日常生活的拜物教特征导致了人的“自我异化”面貌,个体“自我异化”实质在于资本剥削人们生产的劳动异化,劳动异化导向消费领域,社会层面的符号拜物教就此出现。数字化时代,个体生活面临着平台技术与资本剥削共谋的数字规训。从劳动异化到数字拜物教,个体“自我异化”的加速反映了日常生活的沉沦现状也预示了推进其变革的可能。东欧马克思主义者赫勒曾提出了变革拜物教的“激进需要”主张,认为个体需要的满足是实现美好生活的基本前提,要从个体之维深化自为领域的日常生活变革,实现自在领域的美好生活建构。有鉴于激进需要的日常生活批判,新时代美好生活应从“人本生活”“艺术再创造”“审美体验”几方面实现对资本主义旧生活的超越,进一步彰显唯物史观“社会—生活—人”的理论视野。

As a natural ideal of historical materialism,a good life is deeply rooted in the the reality of our daily life.The characteristics of fetishism of daily life have led to the people’s“self-alienation”.The essence of individual“self-alienation”lies in the labor alienation of capital exploitation of people’s production.The labor alienation has led to the emergence of symbolic fetishism in the field of consumption and society.In the digital era,individual life is facing the digital discipline of collusion between platform technology and capital exploitation.From labor alienation to digital fetishism,the acceleration of individual“self-alienation”reflects the sinking status of daily life and also indicates the possibility of promoting its reform.Agnes Heller,a Marxist in Eastern Europe,once put forward an idea of“radical needs”to change the reality of fetishism,believing that the satisfaction of individual needs is the basic prerequisite for achieving a good life,and that it is necessary to deepen the reform of daily life in the realm of individual self-improvement to realize the construction of a good life in the realm of freedom.Based on the criticism of radical needs in daily life,a good life in the new era should transcend the old capitalist lifestyle from“humanistic life”,“artistic recreation”and“aesthetic experience”,and further demonstrate the theoretical view of historical materialism of“society-life-man”.