伏羲、女娲的规矩形象与巫师身份

The Regular Images of Fuxi and Nvwa and the Identity of Wizard

在汉画像石和新疆出土的古墓绢画中,多见有伏羲女娲图像,上身人形,下身呈两蟒蛇交尾之状,男左女右,伏羲执规,女娲执矩。也有女左男右,伏羲执矩,女娲执规者,当是制作匠人的误解。“规”为画圆的工具,“矩”为画直角或方形的工具。古人讲究天圆地方,就是规天矩地的结果。其中的矩,就是后世木工所用的曲尺、拐尺,也称鲁班尺,当是上古时期人们测量日影的发明器物。故而最早的规矩,被赋予了测天量地、沟通人神的独特功能,所以手执规矩的人也往往是当时能够与天地沟通的巫师。规矩就是巫师进行巫术活动的工具。而巫师作为宗教人物,在政教合一的上古时期,往往也是最有能力的部族首领或部落酋长。古典文献记载的中国上古时期的明君圣王,比如黄帝、帝喾、尧、舜、禹、汤、周文王等,都是具有灵异功能的部族领袖,身兼政治首脑与宗教巫师的双重身份。而且这种部族首领兼职大祭司、大巫师的状况,不独在中国早期历史中存在,在世界上其他地区民族的早期历史中也往往多见,可见这是人类社会发展中的普遍现象。作为中国历史上最早的圣王人祖,伏羲、女娲分别手执规、矩,身兼大巫师的身份,正是这种现象的源头。从这个意义上说,最早的巫师应该是女性,造人的女娲作为人类的老祖母,是最早的女巫。古文献中“在男曰觋,在女曰巫”“巫,祝也,女能事无形”等记载,正是保留了这种原始的涵义。

In the Stone Portrait of Han Dynasty and silk paintings of ancient tombs unearthed in Xinjiang,there are many images of Fuxi and Nvwa,whose upper body is humanoid and lower body is like two pythons mating,with man left and woman right,Fuxi holding a compass and Nvwa holding a ruler.There are also those who are woman left and man right,with Fuxi holding the ruler and Nvwa holding the compass,which is regarded as a cultural misunderstanding of craftsmen."Gui(规)"is a tool for drawing circles,while"Ju(矩)"is a tool for drawing right angles or squares.The ancients were particular about the theory of"a square earth and spherical heavens",which was the result of respecting nature.Among them,"Ju"is the ruler used by carpenters in later generations,also known as"Lu Ban Ruler",which is regarded as the invention for measuring the sun shadow in ancient times.Therefore,the earliest ruler was endowed with the unique function of measuring the heaven and earth and making a communication between gods and men,so the people who held compass and ruler were often wizards who were able to communicate with heaven and earth at that time.Ruler and compass are the tools for wizards to practice witchcraft.The wizard,a religious figure,was often the most capable tribal leader or tribal chief in ancient times with the integration of politics and religion.In ancient China recorded in classical literature,the wise monarchs,such as Huangdi,Di Ku,Yao,Shun,Yu,Tang and King Wen of Zhou,were all tribal leaders with supernatural function,who were both political leaders and religious wizards.Moreover,this situation of tribal leaders working part-time as high priests and wizards is not only in the early history of China,but also in the early history of ethnic groups in other parts of the world,which indicates a common phenomenon in the development of human society.As the earliest ancestors in the history of China,Fuxi and Nvwa were also great wizards holding compass and ruler respectively,which was the earliest source of this phenomenon.In this sense,the earliest wizardsthat is recorded in ancient literature,such as Man is called wizard,and woman is called witch."Wizards are generally women,who can serve intangible and mysterious things."