自律与智慧之源——论中国儒家的“听文化”

The Source of Self-discipline and Wisdom--A Study of Chinese Confucian Listening Culture

《乐记》是中国先秦儒家“听文化”最高峰的侧面之一,另一侧面是“孔门儒学”。儒家“听文化”具有双重历史效果,一是构造权威,二是引起争鸣。科举制与“前科举制”的重要区别在于对“听文化”的态度,中古儒家选材从“综合考察”到“试卷定音”是一大转变。考察《说文解字》“耳部”“目部”“言部”字及音乐三要素对人的影响分别可从文化学、心理学角度说明“听文化”的本质是理性。音乐是一门可使人更智慧的学问,但由于“礼学”的显赫、“音乐思维”在我国历史上并未得到像近代西方那样的市民化、音乐训练本身的高成本、绘画艺术的竞争,儒家乐学在历史上始终难成气候。当代儒学教育应当更加注重“儒学哲学教育”。信息的获取主要来自“听”,自律是人在面对外在复杂信息时,进行内在情智秩序合理化调整的道德实践。中国的“聖”(智慧),“目”并不在其中,所以应当理解为自律的信息接收(耳)与自律的信息输出(口)。

Yueji is one side of the highest peaks of the listening culture of pre-Qin Confucianism in China,and the other is Confucianism.Listening has a double historical effect,one is the source of authority,and the other is the source of contention.Confucian material selection is a major change from comprehensive inspection to test paper finalization.Examining the influence of the three elements of ear,head,word and music in Shuowen Jiezi on humans can explain the essence of listening culture from the perspective of culture and psychology.Music is the knowledge that can make people more intelligent.However,due to the prestigious ritual studies and music thinking in our country's history,it has not been as civilized as the modern West,the high cost of music training itself,and competition,the art of painting.Confucian music studies have always been difficult to achieve in history.The important difference between the imperial examination system and the former imperial examination system lies in the attitude towards listening to culture.Contemporary Confucianism education should pay more attention to Confucianism and philosophy education.The acquisition of information mainly comes from listening.Self-discipline is the moral practice of rationalizing the order of internal emotions and intelligence when facing complex external information.The sage wisdom of China does not include the eye,so it should be understood as the self-disciplined information reception(ear)and selfdisciplined information output(mouth).