重要农业文化遗产利用中农民权益保护:理论证成、现实困境与实现机制

Theoretical proof,realistic dilemma and realization mechanism of farmers’rights and interests protection in utilization of Important Agricultural Heritage Systems

截至2022年,农业农村部已公布139个中国重要农业文化遗产。农民作为农业文化遗产保护的主体之一,应认可其贡献。因此,探讨重要农业文化遗产利用中的农民权益保护具有重要的现实意义,可为重要农业文化遗产的保护提供参考。研究发现,重要农业文化遗产是植根于遗产地悠久的文化传统和农民长期的实践经验,具有丰富的生物多样性、农业技术、传统知识、生态与文化景观的农业生产系统。农民是重要农业文化遗产的创造者、保护者和传承者,利用重要农业文化遗产不能忽视农民主体地位和权益的保护。根据现有法律制度,重要农业文化遗产利用中涉及的农民权益主要包括参与权、惠益共享与生态补偿。目前这3种权益的实现都存在不同程度的困境。为此,本文从激发农民参与意愿、完善农民参与机制、强化农民参与保障等方面提出农民参与权的实现途径;从明确惠益共享内容、建立惠益共享机制、完善相关配套制度等方面提出农民惠益共享实现的举措;从明确生态补偿主体、确定生态补偿标准、建立多元化的生态补偿资金来源和补偿方式等方面提出农民获得生态补偿的措施。以此保障重要农业文化遗产利用中的农民权益,实现重要农业文化遗产的高质量可持续发展。

Aim:By 2022,the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs(MARA)had announced 139 China National Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(China-NIAHS).As one of the subjects of protecting agro-cultural heritage,farmers should be recognized their contribution.Therefore,it is of great practical significance to explore the farmers’rights and interests protection in utilization of Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(IAHS),and it can provide reference for protection of IAHS.Findings:The results indicated that,first,IAHS refer to the agricultural production systems,with rich biodiversity,agricultural technology,traditional knowledge,ecological and cultural landscape,which rooted long-standing cultural traditions in the heritage site and long-term practical experiences of farmers.Second,farmers are the creators,protectors and inheritors of IAHS.The utilization of IAHS cannot ignore the subject status of farmers and protection of their rights and interests.Third,according to the existing legal system,farmers’rights and interests involved in utilization of IAHS mainly include right to participate,benefit-sharing and ecological compensation.At present,there are varying degrees of realistic dilemma about realization of these three rights and interests.Suggestions:Based on our results,in order to protect farmers’rights and interests in utilization of IAHS,and realize high-quality sustainable development of IAHS,we propose the following suggestions:(1)realization of farmers’right to participate,which through arousing farmers’willingness to participate,perfecting farmers’participation mechanism and strengthening farmers’participation guarantee;(2)realization of benefit-sharing for farmers,which through clarifying benefit-sharing content,establishing benefit-sharing mechanism and improving relevant supporting system;(3)realization of ecological compensation to farmers,which through defining subjects of ecological compensation,determining standards of ecological compensation,and establishing diversified funding sources and compensation methods of ecological compensation.