论个人破产免责的模式展开与本土构建

On the Model Development and the Local Construction of Personal Bankruptcy Exemption

个人破产免责是中国当下面临个人债务风险居高不下的解决方案之一,也是未来破产法的可选制度之一,应当进行本土化的模式构建。首先应当明确个人破产免责的基础,从程序的角度看,个人免责和个人破产存在明显区别、适用对象具有差异、法律效果各不相同,具有相对独立性;承认其互相独立的前提下,个人免责和破产在财产分配、避免权利滥用、维护合法权益等实体维度上存在价值关联。这种以独立性为基础、以关联性为前提的关系构成了免责模式构建的前置性内容。与此同时,个人破产与免责融合存在正当性基础:第一,从历史解释的角度看,国内外的商业发展至今,都表明了个人破产免责确立的必要性;第二,从规范解释的角度看,个人破产免责系实现人文关怀的恰当手段;第三,从现实审查的角度看,个人破产免责因应了当下的社会经济发展需要。有鉴于此,我国个人破产免责的模式可以作出如下展开:首先,最为核心的实体要件当属许可免责,这是基于我国现实的必然选择;其次,程序上应实现破产和免责的两阶段顺畅衔接,保障程序争议;再次,应明确法院的主导地位,符合我国的习惯并且将债权人意见进行充分考虑,实现人文关怀;最后,法院适用个人破产免责模式时,应以后果主义为方法论,寻求当事人和社会公益的平衡。

Personal bankruptcy exemption is one of the solutions for China’s current high risk of personal debt,also it is one of the optional systems for future bankruptcy laws,it should be constructed through a localized model.First of all,it should clarify the basis of personal bankruptcy exemption.From the procedural perspective,there exists the obvious difference between personal exemption and personal bankruptcy,such as the difference of objects and legal effects,which have relative independence;On the premise of recognizing their mutual independence,there is a value correlation between personal exemption and bankruptcy in terms of entity dimensions such as property distribution,avoiding abuse of rights,safeguarding legitimate rights and interests,etc.This relationship based on independence and premise of relevance constitutes the prerequisite content of exemption model construction.At the same time,there exists a legitimate basis for the integration of personal bankruptcy exemption:Firstly,from the historical interpretation perspective,both domestic and foreign business developments to this day have demonstrated the necessity of establishing personal bankruptcy exemption;Secondly,from the normative interpretation perspective,personal bankruptcy exemption is an appropriate approach to achieve humanistic care;Thirdly,from the real examination perspective,personal bankruptcy exemption meets needs of the current socio-economic development.In view of this,the model of personal bankruptcy exemption in China can be developed as follows:Firstly,the most core substantive requirement is the license exemption,which is an inevitable choice based on China’s reality;Secondly,procedures should realize the smooth connection of two stages,including real bankruptcy and exemption,to safeguard procedural disputes;Once again,the dominate position of the court should be clarified,adhere to China’s customs,and the opinions of the creditor should be fully considered to realize humanistic care;Finally,when the court applies the model of personal bankruptcy exemption,it should adopt the methodology based on consequentialism and seek the balance between parties and public welfare of the society.