国际航空碳减排措施下的航空碳排放争端解决路径研究

Dispute Settlement Path of Aviation Carbon Emission under Carbon Emission Reduction Measures for International Aviation

为了推动国际民用航空绿色低碳的进程,国际民用航空组织(ICAO)出台了“一揽子”措施,包括技术型降碳和市场机制降碳——国际航空碳抵消和减排计划(CORSIA)。“一揽子”措施目前还处于初步试行阶段,其中,由于CORSIA具体实施的环节牵涉主体较多——ICAO、国家、航空公司等主体之间的交集将不可避免地会产生国际争端、私人当事方之间的争端、混合争端三类争端。然而,传统国际和私人层面的争端解决机制在专业能力、权威性、管辖权等方面都有所欠缺,因此主导“一揽子”措施的ICAO理事会成为理想的争端解决平台。但ICAO理事会所主张的《国际民用航空公约》第84条下的争端解决机制,由于组织结构的缺陷多年来并未真正发挥其司法职能。尽管ICAO理事会已经将争端解决机制改革提上日程,但考虑到“一揽子”措施引发争端的复杂性质以及争端解决的最终目的,充分发挥ICAO理事会的行政职能并在ICAO理事会下设立一个常设的争端解决委员会将是一种更为可行的选择。

In order to promote the green and low-carbon development of international civil aviation,the International Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO)has introduced a package of measures by means of Carbon Offsetting and Emission Reduction Scheme for International Aviation(CORSIA),including technology-based carbon reduction and market-based carbon reduction.At present,the package of measures is still in its preliminary trial stage,and because many subjects are involved in the specific implementation of CORSIA,the intersection among ICAO,the states,air-lines and other parties will inevitably lead to disputes in three types:international disputes,disputes between private parties and mixed disputes.However,the traditional dispute settlement mechanisms at the international and private levels lack expertise,authority and jurisdiction,making the ICAO Council,which plays a dominant role in the pac-kage of measures,an ideal dispute settlement platform.But the dispute settlement mechanism under Article 84 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation advocated by the Council,has not fulfilled its judicial function for many years due to the defects of its organizational structure.Although the Council has put the reform of dispute settlement mechanism on its agenda,given the complex nature of the disputes arising from the package of measures and the ulti-mate goal of dispute settlement,it will be more feasible to give full play to the administrative functions of the ICAO Council and establish a permanent dispute settlement committee under the Council.