莫高窟一佛二弟子造像组合在北周出现的历史背景与渊源探究

Exploring Historical Background and Origin of Combination ofOne Buddha and Two Disciples in Mogao Grottoes during Northern Zhou Dynasty

莫高窟一佛二弟子造像组合始见于北周洞窟,二弟子塑像的出现是莫高窟塑像题材的重要变化。二弟子塑像最早出现于古阳洞南壁正始四年(507年)安定王元燮造释迦龛,其他地区在北魏晚期也陆续出现。莫高窟晚在北周出现,这与北魏晚期至北周时期敦煌的历史背景有密切的关系。北魏晚期至西魏大统十一年间,敦煌与中原地区交通中断,逐渐失去联系,二弟子造像缺乏进入敦煌的机会。到北周时期,丝路重新畅通,建平公于义就任瓜州刺史,并在敦煌开窟造像,带来了长安新的样式,新的样式很有可能包括二弟子塑像。莫高窟出现的二弟子塑像的渊源应是长安地区。

The combination of statues of one Buddha and two disciples of Mogao Grottoes was first seen in the Northern Zhou caves,and the appearance of statues of the two disciples was an important change in the theme of Mogao cave statues.The statue of the second disciple first appeared in the fourth year(507)of the southern wall of Guyang Cave,when King Yuanxie of Anding made a shrine of Shakya,and in other areas in the late Northern Wei Dynasty.The late appearance of the Mogao Grottoes in the Northern Zhou Dynasty is closely related to the historical background of Dunhuang from the late Northern Wei Dynasty to the Northern Zhou Dynasty.During the late Northern Wei Dynasty to the eleventh year of the Western Wei Dynasty,communication between Dunhuang and the Central Plains was interrupted,and contact gradually lost,and the statues of the second disciple lacked the opportunity to enter Dunhuang.By the Northern Zhou Dynasty,the Silk Road was reopened,Jianping Gong Yuyi was appointed as the thorn of Guazhou,and a statue was opened in Dunhuang,bringing with it a new style of Chang’an,which most likely included the statue of the second disciple.The origin of the statues of the two disciples that appeared in the Mogao Grottoes should be in the Chang’an area.