概念史分析背景下民法典土地经营权性质再辨

Reconsideration of the Nature of Land Management Right in the Civil Code in the Context of Conceptual History Analysis

土地经营权性质之争在民法典颁布后并未得到有效消解,存在一元论、二元论等多种解释方案。《民法典》第339条是土地经营权性质解释论阐释的基础性条款。其中把“流转土地经营权”解释为“派生土地经营权”还是“流转土地经营权利”将直接影响解释论的逻辑起点和结论。追本溯源,应坚守“流转”术语的本义。在家庭承包方式中,《民法典》第339条中的“土地经营权”应解释为一个描述性的土地经营的权利,不涉及所产生的土地经营权权利性质之争。第341条中土地经营权基于三权分置改革目的,可视为当事人依据物权法定原则创设的新型用益物权。在其他承包方式中,第342条的土地经营权应直接视为用益物权。债权性的土地经营权根据契约自由原则产生,由当事人约定,以此化解土地经营权性质之纷争,利于法律适用。

The dispute over the nature of land management right has not been effectively resolved after the promulgation of the Civil Code.There are multiple interpretation schemes such as monism and dualism.Article 339 of the Civil Code is a basic clause for the interpretation of the nature of land management right.The interpretation of“transferred land management right”as“derived land management right”or“transferred land management right”will directly affect the interpretation conclusion.“Circulation”was originally used as a political economic term.It entered the civil legal terminology system during the drafting of our country’s first and second civil codes,and was later eliminated.However,with the“Rural Land Contract Law”,it was“borrowed”into the Civil Code and used only to describe changes in land right,and its legal connotation is constantly evolving from highly abstract to relatively concrete.Tracing back to the source,we should stick to the original meaning of the term“circulation”.In the way of household contracting,the“land management right”in Article 339 of the Civil Code should be interpreted as a descriptive land management right,which does not involve any disputes over the nature of the land management right.The land management right in Article 341 is based on the purpose of the reform of the“three rights separation”and can be regarded as a new type of usufructuary rights created by the parties in accordance with the principle of legal property rights.In other contracting methods,the land management rights in Article 342 shall be directly regarded as usufructuary rights.Debt-based land management rights are generated based on the principle of freedom of contract.Finally,we would resolve disputes over the nature of land management right,and facilitate the application of the law.