顾宪成的《大学》诠释与晚明的“朱、王之争”

Great Learning as Interpreted by Gu Xiancheng and "Zhu and Wang Controversy"in the Late Ming Dynasty

顾宪成不仅是晚明全国性学术思潮“朱、王之争”的积极参与者,也是明清之际学风递变的重要推动者。他会通中晚明学者由《大学》介入“朱、王之争”的学术路径,倾力撰写系列《大学》注本来寄寓关切。他否定朱子、阳明所注的《大学》文本,以古本《大学》为底本,重新调整经传次序,形成颇具特色的“顾氏改本”——《大学重定》。尔后,他以当批则批、当赞则赞的态度对朱子、阳明的《大学》诠释展开详细辩难,形成双谴双取的学术取向,开显出“援朱救王”的消弭“朱、王之争”的学术方案。而这一方案赖其在晚明学术史上的股肱地位,衍生出典范的学术史意义:一是复振朱子学,助推“由王返朱”思潮的形成,为朱子学在清初再度成为官方哲学导夫先路;二是以朱子学纠偏阳明学,推动阳明学向笃实敦行转进,为“新王学”的建构打开致思的方向和进路。

The "Zhu and Wang Controversy"was a prevalent academic trend of thought in the late Ming Dynasty,and Gu Xiancheng was not only an active participant of this controversy,but also an important promoter of the gradual change of study style during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.He also followed the academic path of the Middle and Late Ming scholars who participated in the "Zhu and Wang Controversy"by writing a series of commentaries on the Great Learning.He first rejected Chu Xi's and Yangming's rewritten version of the Great Learning,taking the ancient version of the Great Learning as a base and reordering it to form the distinctive Gu's rewritten version-Da Xue Chong Ding(《大学重定》The Reexamination of Great Learning).He took the stance of criticizing and praising the interpretations of Chu Xi and Yangming's version,forming an academic orientation of both criticism and approval,and developing an academic solution to eliminate the "Zhu and Wang controversy"by"absorbing Zhu to modify Wang".Because of his importance in the history of the late Ming Dynasty,this scheme derived exemplary academic historical significance.The first was the reinvigoration of Chu Xi school,this work promoted the formation of the trend of "returning from Wang to Zhu",and helped Chu Xi school to become an official philosophy again in the early Qing Dynasty;the second was modifying Yangming's school by Chu Xi's school,this work promoted Yangming school to turn towards solid and sincere practice,and opened up the direction and way of thinking for the construction of the New Wang school.