史地学派与近代国都论战

History-Geography School and Debates on Nanjing as Capital City

南京在中华民国史上具有特殊的、重要的地位,然民国时期政局纷乱,南京的地位频繁升沉,而其作为国都的合理性与合法性亦饱受质疑。一系列质疑之集中表现者,即为数次规模较大、影响深远的首都论战。在此过程中,“为南京作强有力辩护”的史地学派积极推动西方地理学的传播,发挥史地之学致用功能,开展长达30年的对南京的持续关注与深入研究。对国都问题的关注,既体现了该学派在政治与学术之间寻求平衡与发展的努力,亦反映出民国时期西方地理学的传入和在地化应用。史地学派对南京的持续关注和深入研究,集中表现为张其昀、沙学浚等人全面、深度参与近代国都论战,“为南京做强有力的辩护”。此论战第一阶段为1928年前后张其昀与北派地理学者白眉初等论证南京作为都城的合理性与合法性;第二阶段是抗战胜利前后,沙学浚、李旭旦等多次回应首都论战,对南京位置价值、空间价值和都城价值进行新的阐释与评判。史地学派从初涉南京史地问题到全程参与国都论战的过程与其知识凭借,既是学派成员在学术与政治之间选择的缩影,亦是西方地理学传入和运用的体现。

Nanjing was special and vital in the history of the Republic of China(1911-1949).Political turmoils during this period of time led to frequent rise and fall of Nanjing's status,and its rationality and legitimacy as a capital city were also questioned.A series of doubts were boiled down to several large-scale and far-reaching debates on whether this city was good to be a national capital.The History-and-Geography School who "strongly defended Nanjing",actively pushed the spread of Western geography,gave fullplay to the practical role of history and geography,and carried out an in-depth research with continual attention on Nanjing for 30 years.The focus on capital ssues not only reflected the school's efforts to seek balance and development between politics and academics,but also made clear the introduction and localized application of Western geography during the period of the time.The on-going attention to and the strenuous study of Nanjing by the History-and-Geography School was highlighted in the comprehensive and in-depth work by Zhang Qiyun,Sha Xuejun and others in the capital debates,thus making a strong defense of Nanjing.The first stage of this debate was around 1928,when Zhang Qiyun and the Northern School geographer Bai Meichu demonstrated the rationality and legitimacy of Nanjing as Capital.The second stage was before and after the victory of the Anti-Japanese Invasion War,when Sha Xuejun,Li Xudan and others responded to the capital debates many times and made new interpretations with judgments of the location value,spatial value and capital value of Nanjing.From its initial involvement in the historical and geographical issues of Nanjing to its full participation in the capital debates and with its knowledge strength,the History-and-Geography School's participation was not only the epitome of the school members'choice between academics and politics,but also the embodiment of the introduction and application of Western geography.