汉译佛典中“强项”及其相关形式考辨

Qiangxiang(强项)and its related forms in Chinese Buddhist texts

中土文献“强项”义为刚正不屈。汉译佛典也有“强项”一词,其读音及词形与中土文献一致,但词义与中土文献相差甚远。汉译佛典“强项”有愚痴、傲慢两个含义。在同步构词规律下,同“项”具有相关性的“额”“颜”与“强”组合,构成“强颜”“强额”,语义与“强项”相同,义为傲慢。中土文献有“强颜”,义为厚颜,语义与佛典不同。“强项”缩略为“项”,与“佷”组合构成“项佷”,与“强项”义同,有愚痴、傲慢两个含义。“顽佷”是“项佷”误写,后人不解“项”义,用“顽”改写。

In non-Buddhist literature of Middle Chinese,the wordqiangxiang(强项,“strong-neck”)refers to the meaning of“righteous”or“upright”.In Chinese Buddhist texts of the same time period,however,qiangxiang conveys the meanings of“foolish”and“arrogant”instead.In addition,qiang(强)can also be combined with words related withxiang(项)likee(额,“forehead”)andyan(颜,“face”)intoqiang'e(强额)andqiangyan(强颜)which share the same meanings of“foolish”and“arrogant”.Such a meaning ofqiangyandiffers from its counterpart in non-Buddhist literature which means“shameless”.Besides,qiangxiangmay be abbreviated intoxiangand further combined withhen(佷)intoxianghenwhich has the same meanings of“foolish”and“arrogant”.This word was later confused withwanhen(顽佷)due to wrong interpretation ofxiang.