转让可能损害抵押权司法适用的类型化研究——以不动产抵押为中心

A Typological Study on the Judicial Application of Transfer that May Impaired Mortgage Right:Focusing on Real Estate Mortgages

“转让可能损害抵押权”是不确定性概念,从规范目的及类型化角度具体化该概念对平衡抵押关系当事人的利益至关重要。《民法典》第406条第2款是平衡担保债权安全性与抵押人期限利益的结果。不应将抵押人的转让行为本身、仅未履行通知义务或违反限制转让约定认定为“可能损害抵押权”的情形,否则会使“保护抵押权人单方利益”取代“利益平衡理念”,消解《民法典》第406条对抵押财产转让制度变革的意义。司法实践中倾向于保护弱势群体利益,认为商品房消费者的权利、被拆迁人的权利以及符合一定条件的居住权优先于抵押权,这事实上阻却了抵押权追及效力,可能危及担保债权的安全,因此属于“转让可能损害抵押权”的情形。

“Transfer may impair mortgage right”is an uncertain concept.Specifying this concept from the perspective of normative purposes and typification is crucial to balancing the interests of the parties involved in the mortgage relationship.Subparagraph 2 of Article 406 of the Civil Code is the result of balancing the security of the secured claim and the term interests of the mortgagor.Transfer of mortgage,mere failure to perform the notification obligation or violation of the agreement to restrict transfer should not be considered as a situation that may impair mortgage right.Otherwise,protecting the unilateral interests of the mortgagee will replace the concept of balanced interests,eliminating the significance of Article 406 of the Civil Code on the reform of the transfer system of the mortgaged property.Judicial practice tends to protect the interests of vulnerable groups,believing that the right of commercial apartment consumers,the right of evicted persons,and the right of habitation under certain conditions take precedence over mortgage rights.This actually blocks the tracing effect of mortgage and may endanger the security of the secured claim.Therefore,it is a situation where transfer may impair mortgage right.