“进口替代”的机遇与困境——民国时期上海华商医疗器械业发展研究

Opportunity and Predicament Caused by Import Substitution:The Development of Chinese Industry of Medical Instrument in Shanghai in Republican China

作为一门新兴行业,华商医疗器械业在民国时期的上海经历了从无到有,再到初具独立行业雏形的过程,表现为商行和厂房在数量上的增加与空间分布的扩散,以及行业同业公会的成立。兼营医疗器械的外商为华商的兴起提供了经营基础,其后该行业的发展受市场诉求、战争和国货运动的影响,亦与国际市场的变化紧密相关。医疗事业发达所带来的广阔市场,进出口贸易的区位优势和行业的高利润率是华商医疗器械业在上海不断发展的驱动因素。但该行业难以避免地陷入资金短缺、技术落后的瓶颈,政府监管力度亦是影响行业发展的重要因素。医疗器械业的发展历程既是民国上海经济社会变迁的线索之一,又是近代新兴民族替代工业发展的一个缩影。

The present paper,looking back at the history of the development of Shanghai-based Chinese industry of medical instrument,in which the international market and domestic politico-economic situation affected this industry that was driven by Shanghai's positional advantage and high profit and hindered by multiple factors,argues that the vicissitudes of this industry epitomized the socio-economic changes of Shanghai and the development of national industry in modern China.