3~5岁幼儿动作发展与认知能力发展的特征及相关性

The Characteristics of Motor Development and Cognitive Development of 3-5 Aged Children and Their Correlation

目的:探讨3~5岁幼儿动作发展和认知能力发展的特征及其相关性。方法:随机选取幼儿园大、中、小班的90名幼儿分为3岁组、4岁组、5岁组三个年龄组,每个年龄组各30人,其中男、女生各15人。采用动作发展测试量表(M-ABC)和韦氏幼儿智力调查量表(WISC)对各组幼儿的动作发展水平和认知发展水平进行测量,比较各年龄组动作发展水平,分析各年龄组间以及性别组间的动作发展多个维度(手部精细动作、定位与抓取和平衡能力)与认知发展多个维度(言语理解、视觉空间、流体推理、加工速度和工作记忆)之间的相关性。结果:(1)5岁组、4岁组幼儿惯用手投币用时均少于3岁组(P<0.01,P<0.05);5岁组、4岁组幼儿非惯用手投币、穿珠子的用时均少于3岁组(P<0.01,P<0.05),5岁组用时少于4岁组(P<0.05);5岁组、4岁组幼儿描画轨迹的错误次数均低于3岁组(P<0.01);5岁组幼儿双手接袋时接中的次数多于3岁组(P<0.05),5岁组幼儿单手投袋时投中次数均多于3岁组、4岁组(P<0.01);在惯用腿单腿站立和非惯用腿站立平衡时,5岁组、4岁组幼儿平衡持续时间均长于3岁组(P<0.01),5岁组幼儿平衡持续时间长于4岁组幼儿(P<0.01)。踮脚走路测试时,5岁组幼儿成功完成的步数多于3岁组(P<0.01)。(2)高龄组(4~5岁)和低龄组(3岁)幼儿的动作发展总分与认知发展总分均有正相关性(P<0.01)。高龄组(4~5岁)幼儿动作发展总分与认知发展中的视觉空间、流体推理、加工速度三个维度的得分均有正相关性(P<0.01)。低龄组(3岁组)幼儿动作发展总分与认知发展中的言语理解、视觉空间、工作记忆三个维度得分均有正相关性(P<0.01,P<0.05,P<0.05)。(3)高龄组(4~5岁)幼儿的手部精细动作得分与认知发展总分、视觉空间、流体推理、加工速度得分均有正相关性(P<0.01)。低龄组(3岁)幼儿的手部精细动作得分与认知发展总分、言语理解、视觉空间得分均有正相关性(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.05)。(4)低龄组(3岁)的平衡能力与认知发展总分、言语理解和工作记忆得分均有正相关性(P<0.01,P<0.01,P<0.05);高龄组(4~5岁)的平衡能力与流体推理得分有正相关性(P<0.01)。结论:3~5岁幼儿的动作发展水平随着年龄的增加而显著提高,幼儿的动作发展水平总体上与认知能力发展及其多个维度间存在着显著的正相关性。幼儿动作发展中的手部精细动作发展水平与认知能力发展及其多个维度的正相关性表现得更加密切,低龄组(3岁)幼儿平衡能力与认知能力及其多个维度间的正相关性表现得更加密切。

Objective To explore the characteristics of motor development and cognitive ability of 3-5 years old children and their correlation.Methods Ninety children from kindergarten were randomly di⁃vided into a three-,four-and five-year-old group,each of 30 children(15 boys and girls).Their mo⁃tor and cognitive development were evaluated using the Movement-ABC(M-ABC)and Wechsler Intelli⁃gence Scale for Children(WISC).The motor development was compared among different age groups,and the correlation between the dimension of motor development(fine motor skill,aiming and catch⁃ing,and balance ability)and cognitive development(verbal comprehension,visuospatial,fluid reason⁃ing,processing speed and working memory)was compared between different age and gender groups.Results(1)In the test of dominant hand coin insertion,the group aged 5 and 4 spent less time than the group aged 3(P<0.01,P<0.05),while in that of non-dominant hand coin and bead insertion,the former groups spent less time than the latter(P<0.01,P<0.05),with group aged 5 spending less time than group aged 4(P<0.05).Moreover,the number of trace errors of group aged 5 and 4 was lower than group aged 3(P<0.01).The times of two-handed bag catching in group aged 5 was higher than group aged 3(P<0.05),while those of one-handed bag throwing in group aged 5 were higher than group aged 3 and 4(P<0.01).In addition,in the dominant and non-dominant leg standing test,the balance duration of group aged 5 and 4 was longer than group aged 3(P<0.01),and the balance dura⁃tion of group aged 5 was longer than group aged 4(P<0.01).In the tiptoe walking test,children of group aged 5 successfully completed more steps than those of group aged 3(P<0.01).(2)There was a significantly positive correlation between the total score of motor development and cognitive develop⁃ment(P<0.01)of all groups.The total motor development score was of significantly positive correlation to scores of visuospatial,fluid reasoning and processing speed in cognitive development of group aged 5 and 4(P<0.01),while the total motor development score was of significantly positive correlation to scores of verbal comprehension,visuospatial and working memory of group aged 3(P<0.01,P<0.05,P<0.05).(3)The fine motor score of group aged 5 and 4 was significantly and positively correlated to cognitive development,visuospatial,fluid reasoning and processing speed scores,while that of group aged 3 was significantly and positively correlated to cognitive development,verbal comprehension and visuospatial scores(P<0.05,P<0.01 and P<0.05).(4)The balance of the younger children group had significant and positive correlation with the cognitive development total score,and the score of verbal comprehension and working memory(P<0.01,P<0.01 and P<0.05).However,significant positive corre⁃lation was only found between the balance and fluid reasoning scores in elder children(aged 4-5)group(P<0.01).Conclusions Kindergarten children’s motor development improves significantly with age.Generally,there is significant positive correlation between the total score of motor development and the scores of cognitive development and its multiple dimensions.Their fine hand movement has closer correlation to the cognitive development and its multiple dimensions,and so is their balance ability,especially of children aged 4.