清代山西市镇管理体系及其基层实践

The Management System and Grass-roots Practice of Shanxi Towns in the Qing Dynasty

清代以来,山西地区众多工商业市镇的兴起和发展,对基层社会治理提出重要挑战。在政府与社会之间选择、调试的过程中,山西市镇逐步形成一套多层次兼具互补性的市镇管理体系。其中,既有以官方派遣佐杂官对部分重要市镇治安和经济问题的布控管理,也有以州县政府为核心的市镇行政管理。通过行政权力与基层牙行、职役组织的对接,自上而下构建起市镇管理的基层行政网络。同时,士绅、商人、宗族等精英群体及其组织在地方社会治理中也具有主体地位,尤以“社”组织最为突出,它们是清后期山西市镇权力运作的核心机构。

Since the Qing Dynasty,the rise and development of numerous industrial and commercial towns in Shanxi region have posed important challenges to grassroots social governance.There are several official dispatch of auxiliary officials to control and manage public security and economic issues in some important towns,as well as towns administrative management centered around prefectural and county governments.Through the integration of administrative power with brokerage and duty service organizations,a grassroots administrative network for towns management has been established from top to bottom."Village communities"organization was the core institution for the power operation of Shanxi towns in the late Qing Dynasty.