技能形成的历史变迁与职业教育的改革逻辑

The Historical Changes in Skill Formation and the Logic ofVocational Education Reform

技能的内涵、功能及其形成方式在不同时代呈现不同特点:技能形成的主要方式经历了从领悟、传递到体验的变迁,技能形成的主体内容经历了从具身认知、人机互动到数字技能的变迁,而技能形成的主流认知则经历了从作为人力资本的私有性到作为社会资源的准公共性的变迁。受信息传递延迟、制度变革路径依赖等因素的影响,职业教育发展存在与当下技能形成特征的错位,包括技能形成去中心化与职业教育治理中心化的矛盾、技能形成的终身化与职业教育与培训断裂的矛盾、技能形成的多模态与职业教育课程形态间的矛盾。未来应以课程为抓手推动职前职后教育一体化设计与发展,提升工作场所学习的制度化和结构化水平,基于零工就业模式提升职业教育的可及性和灵活性,推动技能形成的国家、公共和私人话语融合与协同。

The ways,contents,and functions of skill formation have shown different characteristics in different eras:the main ways of skill formation have undergone changes from comprehension to transmission to experience,the main contents of skill formation have undergone changes from embodied cognition to human-machine interaction to digital skills,and the mainstream perspectives of skill formation have undergone changes from being private as human capital to being quasi-public as social resources.Due to factors such as delayed information transmission and dependence on institutional change paths,there is a mismatch between the development of vocational education and the current characteristics of skill formation,including the contradiction between the decentralization of skill formation and the centralization of vocational education governance,the contradiction between lifelong skill formation and the disconnection between vocational education and training,and the contradiction between the multimodality of skill formation and the curriculum form of vocational education.In the future,the curriculum should be used as a starting point to promote the integrated design and development of preand post-employment education,enhance the institutionalization and structural level of workplace learning,enhance the accessibility and flexibility of vocational education based on the part-time employment model,and promote the integration and coordination of national,public,and private discourse in skill formation.