国家职业资格的治理模式和优化路径——基于技能专业化的视角

The Governance Modes and Optimization Paths of National VocationalQualifications: From the Perspective of Skill Professionalism

职业资格的形态和功能受职业技能专业性水平的影响,专业性的技能形成了以专业权力为核心的专业主义资格治理模式。而管理主义更多地站在社会大众权力的角度,强调资格背后的公共利益和治理效率。专业主义和管理主义共同形塑一国职业资格证书制度的形态和功能。基于技能的专业化水平,职业资格治理模式可划分为三类:针对专业技能岗位的国家法团主义治理、针对中等技能岗位的社会法团主义治理、针对低技能岗位的多元主义治理。近年来我国职业资格治理存在市场权力的强化与专业权力的消解、证书治理的错位与必要监管的缺位、评价效度的参差与评价标准的失范等问题。未来我国职业资格证书制度改革,应在专业主义和管理主义之间进行再平衡,处理好市场权力和行政权力的关系,优化职业资格认定和技能等级评价的方式,并建立职业资格证书与其他类型评价的互认互通机制。

The form and function of vocational qualifications are influenced by the level of professionalism of vocational skills.Professional skills have formed a professional qualification governance mode centered on professional power.Managerialism,on the other hand,focuses more on emphasizing the public interest and governance efficiency behind qualifications from the perspective of social power.Professionalism and managerialism jointly shape the form and function of the national vocational qualification certificate system.Based on the professional level of skill,vocational qualification governance modes can be divided into three categories:national corporatist governance for professional-skill positions,social corporatist governance for medium-skill positions,and pluralism governance for low-skill positions.In recent years,there have been various problems in the governance of vocational qualifications in China,such as the strengthening of market power,the dissolution of professional power,the dislocation of certificate governance,the absence of necessary supervision,the disparity in evaluation validity,and the deviation of evaluation standards.In the future,the reform of China’s vocational qualification certificate system should rebalance between professionalism and managerialism,handle the relationship between market power and administrative power,optimize the methods of vocational qualification recognition and skill level evaluation,and establish a mutual recognition and exchange mechanism between vocational qualification certificates and other types of evaluations.