闽南地区硬山搁檩造传统民居建筑特征探析——以漳州铜山古城大厝为例

Exploration on Characteristics of the Traditional“Purlins-on-Wall Flush-Gabled-Roof”Residences in Southern Fujian:A Case of Dacuo in the Historic Town of Tongshan in Zhangzhou

铜山古城位于福建省东山岛东北部的铜陵镇,属闽南漳州地区。闽南地区称整座房子为厝,两进院落以上的民居称为“大厝”。铜山古城现存一定数量保存状况较好的大厝,这些大厝尽管在具体规模、式样、外观及装饰处理手法上略有区别,但在格局、结构、形制、材料、工艺上具有高度的同质性,一般由下落、顶落和榉头组成,其结构形式均采用硬山搁檩造,墙体多为土墙,建筑风格以朴素、浑坚为主。这些特征一定程度上体现了闽南漳州地区传统民居的营造技艺与匠作风习,在闽南地区民居建筑发展史中具有不可忽视的地位。

The historic Town of Tongshan lies in Tongling Town in northeastern Dongshan Island,Zhangzhou of southern Fujian.A traditional residence in this area is routinely referred to as a cuo(mansion),of which those with a longitudinal succession of more than two courtyard complexes are ranked as dacuo(grand mansion).There are some well-preserved dacuo in the historic town of Tongshan.These dacuo,while not without particularities in scales,styles,appearances and ornamental finishes,manifest a highly perceptible homogeneity in terms of layouts,structures,forms,materials and building techniques.They always consist of courtyard complexes with main buildings and jutou(ells)for each.The buildings are uniformly purlin-on-wall flush-gabled-roof constructions with earthen walls,displaying simultaneously an economic austerity and structural firmness.With these characteristics,these dacuo embody the construction techniques and craftsmanship of traditional houses in Zhangzhou in southern Fujian,and have an unneglectable position in the history of the development of residential houses in southern Fujian.