我国城镇居民就业结构变迁与收入差距研究

Employment Structure Change and Wage Inequality in Urban China

本文利用城镇住户调查数据及人口普查数据分析我国城镇居民在经济发展快速转型和增长期间的就业结构变迁,并进一步分析收入差距和就业结构变化的关系。结果显示,不同于发达国家的“极化”现象,我国经济发展快速转型和增长时期,城镇居民的就业结构呈现“升级”模式:低技能岗位雇佣比例下降,中高技能岗位雇佣比例上升;同时低技能岗位工资增长慢于中高技能岗位。虽然就业结构变动比较大,但对我国总体收入差距变动的贡献并不大,劳动力在不同岗位的就业比例变化对收入差距变化的影响约为1%。收入差距的变化主要来自岗位内不可观测技能回报的变化以及可观测变量如教育、地区等的回报变化和岗位的回报变化。

Using data from China's Urban Household Survey(UHS)1992—2009 and National Population Census,we documented the change of employment structure in urban China since 1990,studied the changing pattern for different types of labors,and investigated the impact of the employment structure change on wage inequality.We find“upgrading”trend in employment structure change in urban China,with low-skilled jobs contracting,middle and high skilled jobs expanding.In addition,the wage of low-skilled jobs increased slower than the wage of higher skilled jobs.Despite the significant change in employment structure,the impact of the change of employment structure on the change of total wage difference is minor.The change in the job distribution only contributes 1%to the increase in overall wage variance.The increase in wage inequality is mainly driven by the increase in within-group residual inequality and the change in return to observable variables,such as education,regions,and jobs.