网络性权力与美国主导的多边出口管制合作——基于产业网络视角

Network Power and U.S.Led Multilateral Export Control——From the Perspective of Industrial Network

出口管制是美国用来制裁和打击竞争对手以及敌对国家、维护国家安全、实现对外政策及战略目标的惯用手段。网络性权力既是美国实施出口管制的行为驱动,也是美国促进出口管制国际合作的工具。一方面,技术产业网络的中心地位是大国竞争的目标之一,技术扩散会削弱霸权国在该网络中的权力优势,出口管制是霸权国维护自身权力资源的一种手段。另一方面,网络性权力是美国实现出口管制合作的权力工具:在第三方与美国存在分歧的情况下,美国可以通过权力的正向或负向效应改变第三方的合作收益与成本,促使第三方放弃出口利益配合美国的出口管制。这一权力工具的效用取决于美国在产业网络中所处节点位置中心性,以及美国与第三方在产业网络结构中的依存方式和程度,同时权力的使用方式和强度受到国内和国际层面因素的制约。

US dominance in network structure is not only the source of leverage for it to force other countries into cooperation in export control,but also serves as a motivation for US to implement export control on its adversaries.On the one hand,the central position in industrial network is a power resource that a hegemonic country needs to maintain,and export control is the policy used by US government to maintain its seizure of this position.On the other hand,network power is a tool for the US government to achieve multilateral export control:when third parties refuse to cooperate or the de-gree of cooperation does not meet the expectations of US government,US government can use its network power as a leverage to persuade or force them into cooperation.At the same time,domestic and international constraints will affect the cost of using such power.