乡村旅游地回流劳动力的就业选择及其影响因素

Employment Choice of Returning Laborers in Rural Tourism Destinations and Its Influencing Factors

农村劳动力的迁移和流动是一种重要的社会现象与经济过程,全球化和经济一体化不断加速农村劳动力的空间流动,乡村旅游在其中发挥着重要作用。文章以黟县7个旅游乡村为例,从个体微观因素和外部环境因素两方面综合分析乡村旅游地回流劳动力就业特征及其影响因素。结果表明:①从空间特征来看,乡村旅游地劳动力回流的区域性特征显著,村域、镇域等小尺度地区是劳动力回流的主要空间节点,回流后劳动力生活和工作的空间多集中在村域和镇域尺度,职住分离现象不显著。②从职业转变来看,劳动力回流前后职业相关性并不显著,回流前多从事建筑业、加工制造业等劳动技能单一、劳动力密集的行业,回流后多集中于住宿餐饮业和零售业等准入门槛低、投入产出小的行业。③从影响因素来看,乡村旅游地回流劳动力的就业选择受到多种因素的综合影响:受教育程度、家庭劳动力数量、家庭旅游从业人数等人力资本要素,从政从商的亲友数等社会资本要素以及景区距离、就业机会等外部环境要素对回流劳动者是否从事旅游就业影响显著。通过刘易斯二元经济理论分析乡村旅游地劳动力回流的底层逻辑,对比分析中西方城镇化模式,认为中国城镇化是城市化的阶段性特征;为促进人口的稳定回流,满足农村流动人口的利益诉求,提出相应建议。

The migration and flow of rural labor force is an important social phenomenon and economic process.Globalization and economic integration accelerate the spatial flow of rural labor force,and rural tourism plays an important role in it.Taking 7 tourist villages in Yi County as an example,this paper comprehensively analyzes the employment characteristics and influencing factors of returning labor force in rural tourist destinations from two aspects of individual microscopic factors and external environmental factors.The results show that:1)From the perspective of spatial characteristics,the return of labor force in rural tourism destinations has obvious regional characteristics.Smallscale areas such as village area and town area are the main spatial nodes of the return of labor force.After the return,the living and working spaces of labor force are mainly concentrated in villages and towns,the separation of employment and housing is not significant.2)From the perspective of occupational change,there is no significant occupational correlation before and after the labor return.Before the labor return,they are mainly engaged in construction,processing and manufacturing industries with single labor skills and labor-intensive industries.After the labor return,they are mainly concentrated in industries with low entry threshold and small input-output,such as accommodation,catering and retail industry.3)From the perspective of influencing factors,the employment choice of returned laborers in rural tourism destinations is comprehensively affected by a variety of factors:human capital factors(such as education level,the number of family labor,the number of family members engaged in tourism),social capital factors(such as the number of friends and relatives in politics and businessmen),and external environmental factors(such as distance from scenic spots and employment opportunity),the above factors have a significant impact on whether returned laborers engage in tourism employment.Based on the Lewis theory of dual economy,this paper analyzes the underlying logic of the return of labor force in rural tourism destinations,compares and analyzes the urbanization patterns of China and the West,and holds that Chinese cities and towns are the stage characteristics of urbanization.In order to promote the stable return of population and meet the interests of the rural floating population,the corresponding suggestions are put forward.