Dual functions:A coumarin–chalcone conjugate inhibits cyclic-di-GMP and quorum-sensing signaling to reduce biofilm formation and virulence of pathogens

Antibiotic resistance or tolerance of pathogens is one of the most serious global public health threats.Bacteria in biofilms show extreme tolerance to almost all antibiotic classes.Thus,use of antibiofilm drugs without bacterial-killing effects is one of the strategies to combat antibiotic tolerance.In this study,we discovered a coumarin–chalcone conjugate C9,which can inhibit the biofilm formation of three common pathogens that cause nosocomial infections,namely,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Staph-ylococcus aureus,and Escherichia coli,with the best antibiofilm activity against P.aeruginosa.Further investigations indicate that C9 decreases the synthesis of the key biofilm matrix exopolysaccharide Psl and bacterial second messenger cyclic-di-GMP.Meanwhile,C9 can interfere with the regulation of the quorum sensing(QS)system to reduce the virulence of P.aeruginosa.C9 treatment enhances the sensitivity of biofilm to several antibiotics and reduces the survival rate of P.aeruginosa under starvation or oxidative stress conditions,indicating its excellent potential for use as an antibiofilm-forming and anti-QS drug.