唐宋尚書省符形態考論

Study on the Official Document of Shangshusheng(尚書省)with Name as Fu(符)in Tang and Song Dynasties

唐代尚書省符是以“尚書省”為發文機構,由諸司郎官署位的下行文書,用以指揮公事或轉發制敕。宋元豐改官制以後,尚書省符雖然延續由諸司郎官署位的慣例,但其發文機構已變为“某司”,故宋人一度沿唐制將省符稱諸司符。不過,與唐代省符運作以省、司為中心不同,元豐以後省符運作以省、部为中心。而且,就現有資料來看,進入南宋不久,諸司符就已不見於史籍。因為在當時人,尤其是南宋後期人看來,省符的主體應是尚書六部,所以徑稱之部符。與此同時,六部印也從原來唐代尚書省諸司印中逐步分化出來,以區别於諸郎官廳印記。這都反映出唐宋之際六部在尚書省政務運行機制中走向實體化的轉捩點为元豐改制。

The issuing authority of the Sheng Fu(省符)in the Tang Dynasty was Shangshusheng,which was signed and issued by the Langzhong(郎中)and Yuanwailang(外郎)of Zhu Si(诸司).After Yuanfeng period in Song Dynasty,although the Sheng Fu continued the practice of being signed and issued by Langzhong and Yuanwailang,its issuing agency had changed to a Si(某司)of Shangshusheng,so the people of the Song Dynasty once called the Sheng Fu as Zhusi Fu(諸司符)like those of the Tang Dynasty.However,different from the handling of Sheng Fu by the Sheng and Si(the twenty four departments of Shangshusheng)in the Tang Dynasty,the operation of Sheng Fu after Yuanfeng was centered on the Sheng and Bu(the six ministries).Moreover,according to the existing data,the Zhusifu were no longer found in historical records shortly after entering the Southern Song Dynasty.Because,in the eyes of people at that time,especially in the late Southern Song Dynasty,the issuing organ of Sheng Fu should be the six ministries of Shangshusheng,so it was called Bu Fu(部符).At the same time,the seals of six ministries were also gradually differentiated from the original seals of Zhusi of the Shangshusheng in the Tang Dynasty to distinguish them from the official seal of Zhusi.