内聖外王:論宋代新學的幾個基本問題

Internal Sanctification and External King:On Some Basic Problems of New Learning in Northern Song Dynasty

關於宋代新學學派的研究,成果豐碩,但若干基本問題仍存争議。“新學”之名,既可指稱王安石的整體學術思想,也不妨作為以他為首的整個學術流派的代稱。新學在宋代的盛衰歷程,可劃分为五期。新學的學派屬性既非法家,也非道家,而是以儒为主,整合道、法、釋諸家學說。王安石是一位積極有为的功利主義儒者,新學則是一種以制度建構为主體的儒家事功之學。“内聖外王”是對新學特色的準確界定,但若用此詞來敘述宋代儒學的演變,將理學視為“内聖外王”的最高典範,則會遮蔽儒學内部的多樣性,得不償失。

The research on the School of New Learning in the Northern Song Dynasty has produced fruitful results,but some basic problems are still controversial.The word of"New Learning"can refer to both Wang Anshi's whole academic thought and the whole school headed by him.The rise and fall of New Learning in Song Dynasty can be divided into five periods.The school attribute of New Learning is neither legalism nor Taoism,but mainly Confucianism,integrating Taoism,legalism and Buddhism into one whole.Wang Anshi is an active and promising utilitarian Confucian,and New Learning belongs to Confucian utilitarianism based on system construction.However,if we use this term to describe the evolution of Confucianism in Song Dynasty and regard Neo-Confucianism as the highest model of internal sanctification and external king,the internal diversity of Confucianism will be obscured and the gains will outweigh the losses.