同治初年总理衙门的“抚夷”政策与直省洋务差异——兼论总理衙门与直省之关系

The Policy of"Pacifying the Barbarians"of the Tsung-li Yamen and Differences of Foreigh Affairs of the Provinces In the Early Years of Tongzhi——Also On the Relationship between the Tsung-Li Yamen and the Provinces

同治初年,总理衙门坚持以条约羁縻洋人,维持大局,对外政策趋于柔和。然各省因洋务观念与本位利益的不同,对总署的“抚夷”政策看法各异。总体而言,内地官绅因风气闭塞,往往认为依约办事为媚夷之举,遇有交涉,仍坚持华夷之辩,动辄激烈相抗,酿成诸多交涉事件。东南各省督抚因久历洋务,较了解夷情,大体认同总署的羁縻政策,但在具体案件上看法各异。各地洋务差异不仅影响总理衙门与直省之间的关系,亦对晚清的洋务交涉构成挑战,其经验教训值得注意。

In the early years of Tongzhi,the Tsung-li Yamen insisted on keeping foreigners under control by treaty,maintaining the overall situation,and its foreign policy tended to be soft.The officials in the mainland,however,often considered it a flattering act to act in accordance with the contract because of the closed atmosphere.When there were negotiations,they still insisted on the debate between the Chinese and the foreigners,and often fought fiercely,which led to many negotiations.However,due to the different geographical location and Westernization concept,the provinces have different views on the policy of pacifying foreigners"of the Tsung-li Yamen.Governors of southeast provinces often deal with foreign affairs and generally agree with the Pacifying policy of the Tsung-li Yamen.The differences in foreign affairs not only affected the relationship between theTsung-li yamen and the province,but also challenged the foreign affairs negotiations in the late Qing Dynasty.