大国粮食安全视域下我国粮食国际贸易问题及治理

Issues and Governance of China's International Grain Trade from the Perspective of Major Country Food Security

粮食安全事关国运民生。新中国成立以来,党和人民政府高度重视粮食安全问题。然而,由于我国人口众多,耕地资源有限,农产技术相对落后,在粮食需求、粮食生产效益及粮食质量等方面存在不足。改革开放以来,尽管历届政府出台强力政策大力促进农业发展,保障了粮食的稳定供给,但我国仍然存在土地资源利用率不高、粮食品质参差不齐、生产成本消耗较大等深层次问题,相较于人民群众日益增长的粮食需求和对美好生活的向往,我国仍存在较大的粮食缺口,需要通过国际贸易进口粮食。从大国粮食贸易安全角度看,我国粮食国际贸易存在部分粮食进口依存度大、粮食贸易结构性矛盾突出、单品种粮食进口渠道狭窄、粮食在国际市场上竞争力不足、粮食食品卫生安全亟待加强等突出问题。提高粮食供给量,减少部分粮食对外依存度;推动粮食供需均衡,缩小粮食贸易结构性矛盾;分散粮食进口风险,保证粮食进口安全;降低粮食生产成本,提高粮食国际竞争力;促进粮食高质量转型,保障粮食营养安全,从这些方面入手,是我国加强粮食国际贸易治理、确保大国粮食安全的有效路径。

Food security is closely related to national development and people's livelihood.Since the establishment of the People's Republic of China,the Party and the government have attached great importance to food security issues.However,due to China's large population,limited arable land resources,and relatively backward production technology,there are shortcomings in terms of food demand,food production efficiency and food quality.Since the reform and opening up,although successive governments have issued strong policies to vigorously promote agricultural development and ensure the stable supply of food,China still faces deep-seated problems such as low land resource utilization rate,uneven food quality,and high production cost consumption.Compared to the growing food demand and desire for a better life for the people,China still has a large food gap and needs to import food through international trade.From the perspective of food trade security in major countries,there are prominent issues in China's international grain trade,such as high dependence on some grain imports,prominent structural contradictions in grain trade,narrow channels for single variety grain imports,insufficient competitiveness of grain in the international market,and urgent need to strengthen food hygiene and security.Increase the supply of grain and reduce the external dependence on some grains;promote the balance of grain supply and demand,and narrow the structural contradictions in grain trade;disperse the risks of grain imports and ensure the safety of grain imports;reduce the cost of grain production and enhance the international competitiveness of grain;promoting high-quality transformation of grain and ensuring food nutrition security are effective ways for China to strengthen international trade governance in grain and ensure food security for major countries.