南北朝时期的地主

Landlords in the Northern and Southern Dynasties

南北朝时期的地主,既指占有或追求大量田地者,也指占有或追求大量钱财者,土地是地主首要的追逐目标,钱财也是其重要的追逐对象。南北朝时期的地主,分为“皇权地主”和“吏民地主”两类,前者由皇帝、皇室地主和官僚地主三者构成,其中皇帝乃是全国最高、最大的地主;后者主要是指“吏民”中占有较多土地或财富的相对富裕者。“皇权地主”是依靠皇权的培育、扶植而形成发展起来的,皇权通过封爵、仕宦等制度性措施和赏赐、聚敛等随意性手段,培育扶植起“皇权地主”群体,因而“皇权地主”是由政治原因所决定的政治性地主;“吏民地主”却得不到皇权的助长和扶植,主要通过扩张田地、增加劳动力、经营管理、利用水利工程等经济手段发展起来,因而是由经济因素所决定的经济性地主。“皇权地主”作为皇权的一个组成部分,属于统治者;“吏民地主”同其他普通吏民一样,属于被统治者。皇权与吏民的矛盾是南北朝时期的社会主要矛盾,“皇权地主”与“吏民”的矛盾包含在这个主要矛盾之中。

Landlords in the Northern and Southern dynasties refer to those who occupy or pursue a large amount of land,as well as those who occupy or pursue a large amount of money.Land and money are the primary goals and important objects pursued by landlords.Landlords in the Northern and Southern dynasties can be classified into two kinds:imperial landlords and civilian landlords.The former is consisted of the emperor,royal landlords and bureaucratic landlords.The emperor is the highest and largest landlord in the country.And the latter mainly refers to the relatively rich people who occupy more land or wealth.The imperial landlords were formed and developed by the support of imperial power.The imperial power fostered and supported the group of imperial landlords by institutional measures such as conferring titles and official positions,as well as random means such as rewarding and gathering.Therefore,the imperial landlords were landlords with political characteristics,while civilian landlords could not be encouraged and nurtured by the imperial power,but developed mainly by economic means such as expanding fields,increasing labor,operating and managing,and utilizing water conservancy projects.So they were economic landlords determined by economic factors.As one part of the imperial power,the imperial landlords belong to the ruler,and the civilian landlords belong to the ruled.The contradiction between imperial power and civilian was the main social contradiction in the Northern and Southern dynasties,and the contradiction between imperial landlords and civilian landlords can be included in this main contradiction.