传统与新型农村集体经济的制度比较及其治理取向

Institutional Comparison between Traditional and New Rural Collective Economy and Governance Orientation

党的二十大报告提出,巩固和完善农村基本经营制度,发展新型农村集体经济。然而,新型农村集体经济到底新在哪里?它与传统农村集体经济存在怎样的制度关联和制度差异?文章通过对农村集体产权制度改革的回溯,并基于演化与比较制度视角,援引修正的“制度结构—行为努力—经济绩效”的分析框架,探究了新型农村集体经济与传统农村集体经济在内涵、功能和成员属性及其资格获得,组织属性及其法人特征,产权特点及其实现形式,外部对接机制及其治理体系建设等方面的制度差异。文章认为,新型农村集体经济实现由成员同质性向成员异质性,由政经合一组织向单纯经济主体,由“一大二公”、产权固化向产权明晰、产权开放,由村社法人地位缺失向特别法人地位等制度方向演进,同时新型农村集体经济实现形式多元化、外部连接机制和治理机制呈现市场化等多维特征。新时代,以集体产权为纽带,新型农村集体经济日益丰富其实现机制,日益拓展其“集体经济+”的经济连接机制,为乡村组织振兴和能力提升带来新的契机。新型农村集体经济治理取向,需要兼顾集体产权逐利性和社区公共服务集体供给要求,确立其社会企业组织属性,支持产权开放性探索以促进经营创新,推行集体经济环境优化和内生能力建设双轮驱动,建立规范的混合所有制经营机制,完善新型农村集体经济开放式经营“双重委托代理”机制,推动建立市场经营潜在风险的隔离机制。

The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposes to consolidate and improve the basic rural management system and develop a new type of rural collective economy.However,where is the new rural collec⁃tive economy?What are the institutional connections and differences between it and the traditional rural collective economy?This article traces the reform of the rural collective property rights system。This article believes that as the traditional rural collective economic system moves towards the household contract system,China's traditional rural collective property rights have come to an end.However,practice has proven that the reform and innovation of rural collective property rights are major unfinished issues in China's rural reform.The practice of rural economic and social development in China increasingly calls for the return of the collective economic system and the reconstruction of village and community clusters.Them,the article based on the perspective of evolution and comparative systems,cites the revised analytical framework of“institutional struc⁃ture behavioral effort economic performance”to explore the connotations,functions,membership attributes and qualification acquisition,organizational attributes and legal person characteristics,property rights characteristics and their implementation forms of the new rural collective economy and traditional rural collective economy,Institutional differences in external dock⁃ing mechanisms and their governance system construction.This article believes that the new rural collective economy has evolved from member homogeneity to member heterogeneity,from political and economic integration organizations to simple economic entities,from property rights solidification to clear and open property rights,and from the lack of legal person status in village communities to special legal persons.At the same time,the new rural collective economy has diversified its forms,and external connection mechanisms and governance mechanisms present multidimensional characteristics such as marketiza⁃tion.In the new era,with collective property rights as the link,the implementation mechanism of the new rural collective econ⁃omy is increasingly enriched,and the economic connection mechanism of"collective economy+"is expanding,bringing new opportunities for the revitalization and capacity enhancement of rural organizations.In the new era,abandoning the criticism of traditional rural collective economic development,it is necessary to increase reform efforts around key links such as proper⁃ty rights reform,organizational innovation,open management,and distribution innovation,etc.The governance orientation of the new rural collective economy needs to balance the pursuit of collective property rights and the requirements for collective supply of community public services,establish its social enterprise organizational attributes,support the exploration of proper⁃ty rights openness to promote business innovation,achieve the dual drive of collective economic environment optimization and endogenous capacity construction,establish a standardized mixed ownership operation mechanism,and improve the dual agency mechanism of the new rural collective economy open operation,Promote the establishment of an isolation mechanism for potential risks in market operations.