超高速激光熔覆Ni625/WC复合涂层的耐磨性能

Wear Resistance of Ultra-high Speed Laser Cladding Ni625/WC Composite Coatings

目的 提高高铁制动盘用24CrNiMo铸钢的耐磨性和高温性能。方法 在24CrNiMo铸钢表面,通过超高速激光熔覆技术,制备Ni625/碳化钨(WC)复合涂层,并设计多层梯度熔覆,使得WC颗粒在涂层中呈均匀分布。通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等分析涂层的物相组成、微观组织结构和元素分布。分别采用显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机、三维形貌仪等测试涂层的硬度、室温及600℃的摩擦系数和耐磨性,分析涂层的摩擦磨损机理。通过同步热分析仪(TGA-DSC)测试涂层的抗高温氧化性能和组织的高温稳定性能。结果 涂层主要由γ-Ni固溶体、WC以及含W增强相W2C和M23C6等组成。WC分布较为均匀,涂层平均显微硬度达440HV0.2~610HV0.2,是基体硬度的1.25~1.7倍。在室温条件下,体积磨损率仅为基体24CrNiMo铸钢的4.2%~20.8%,摩擦系数略低于基体;在600℃条件下,体积磨损率为基体24CrNiMo铸钢的80.1%~180.8%,摩擦系数高于基体,且稳定性好,熔覆涂层显著提高了24CrNiMo铸钢基体的耐磨性。磨痕分析表明,涂层在室温下主要为磨粒磨损,600℃下除了磨粒磨损之外,并还伴随着轻微的氧化磨损,其中复合涂层S3的性能最佳。结论 在以高速强力磨损为主的工况下,Ni625/WC复合涂层具有优异的耐磨性能和抗高温氧化性能,球形WC颗粒在提高涂层耐磨方面发挥了重要作用。

High-speed train brake disc is one of the important components to ensure the safe and reliable operation of high-speed trains. Its main failure form is thermal damage and wear that occurs on or near the friction surface. The use of ultra-high-speed laser melting and other surface strengthening technologies to improve the wear resistance and high-temperature performance of brake discs and other key components is an effective way to ensure the safe operation of high-speed trains. At present, there are many studies on the wear performance of Ni-based WC coatings, but there are relatively few studies on the application of key parts such as brake discs in high-speed trains. In this paper, Ni625/WC composite coatings was prepared on the surface of 24CrNiMo cast steel for high-speed train brake discs using ultra-high-speed laser melting technology. Since the high specific gravity of WC affected the quality and wear resistance of the coatings, a three-layer gradient coating design was used to improve the distribution of WC particles in the coatings.The phase composition, microstructure and element distribution of the coatings were analyzed by an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The hardness, coefficient of friction and wear resistance of the coatings at room temperature and 600 ℃ were tested with a microhardness tester, a friction and wear tester and a 3D morphology tester, respectively, and the friction and wear mechanisms of the coatings were analyzed. The high-temperature oxidation resistance and tissue stability of the coatings were investigated with a TGA-DSC simultaneous thermal analyzer. The results showed that the coatings are well bonded to the substrate, metallurgically, and the total thickness of the coatings was about 300 μm. The coatings were mainly composed of γ-Ni solid solution, WC, W2C and M23C6 phases. The partial melting and decomposition of WC particles generated different types and multi-scale secondary carbide phases distributed in the intergranular region of the γ-Ni solid solution. In addition, there were lamellar fine eutectic tissues composed of γ-Ni and secondary carbides generated. The hardness distribution of the coatings were relatively uniform, and the average microhardness reached 440HV0.2~610HV0.2, which was 1.25~1.7 times of the matrix hardness (360HV0.2), and the thickness of the heat-affected zone was about 200 μm with a hardness of 410HV0.2. With the increase of WC content, the main wear mechanism at room temperature was abrasive wear, and the volume of wear decreased to 20.8%, 6.8%, 4.4% and 4.2% of the matrix, and the corresponding coefficients of friction were slightly lower than that of the matrix. At 600 ℃, it was mainly abrasive wear and slight oxidation wear, and the coefficients of friction were higher than that of the matrix. The high toughness γ-Ni was firmly combined with WC, diffusely distributed secondary carbides and other reinforcing phases, which played the role of wrapping and supporting WC particles, and the multi-scale carbides, mainly WC particles, could effectively resist the indentation of grinding balls, thus reducing plastic deformation and wear. The coatings have good oxidation resistance and tissue stability, which are beneficial to the stability of frictional wear at high temperature. The spherical WC particles play an important role in improving the wear resistance of the coatings.