近代澳门滨水空间形态演变与社会变迁(1850~1936年)

The 1850~1936 Evolution of Waterfront Spatial Morphology and Social Changes in Macao

通过文献研究和地图分析,梳理近代澳门滨水空间形态的演变历程,并深入阐释社会变迁对其的深刻影响。1850~1936年间,澳葡政府为了改善澳门地区港口条件、重塑澳门地区国际重要商港地位,开展了大规模填海工程和滨水街区的建设及整序,使得这一时期澳门滨水空间形态发生嬗变,维护资本利益的经济诉求是其根本动因。与此同时,崛起的华商掌握着城市经济命脉,形成与澳葡管治权力相制衡的重要力量,并以雄厚资本助推了城市建设。近代澳门滨水空间形态演变是澳门城市现代化的历史缩影,对于全面研究澳门城市史有不可或缺的作用和重要价值。

Macao's waterfront spaces are not only the origin of a city,but also the driving force of its urban development.Currently,22.5 km2 of Macao's total 32.8 km2 land area is reclaimed from the sea,accounting for 69%of the total urban area.The development of waterfront spaces in Macao has attracted wide trade attention.Effective construction practices in urban spaces require profound insight and thorough analysis of history.This study applies the"Production of Space"theory to summarize the evolution of waterfront spatial morphology in Macao in modern times(1850-1936).Using literature research and map analysis,it interprets the profound effects of modern social changes in Macao on waterfront spatial morphology and reveals the relative motivations as a response to power and capital.The map of evolving land reclamation and coastline change in this paper is predominantly based on the historical maps of the Macao Archives,in addition to digital maps and cadastral maps of the Macao Cadastral Bureau.The digital map shows the geographical area of land reclamation in Macao since the 20th century.By combining this with historical maps and cadastral maps of Macao,the spatial morphology analysis map of the street level can be drawn.The research periods were chosen according to history of land reclamation and significant social changes in Macao.In 1850 the first reclamation period was carried out and waterfront space in Macao developed quickly before the domestic war of resistance in 1937.Influenced by situations in China and foreign countries as well as many factors,waterfront morphology in Macao developed slowly over a long period.The study reported that from 1850 to 1936,the urban society of Macao formed an hourglass-type power structure in the balance between top-down Macao-Portuguese governance power and the bottom-up power of Chinese elites.The top-down Macao-Portuguese governance power took the dominant role and influenced overall development of urban social power relations.The Macao-Portuguese government carried out large-scale reclamation projects as well as construction and reconstruction of waterfront streets,resulting in transmutation of waterfront spatial morphology.Moreover,Macao-Portuguese governance played a leading role in the evolution of Macao's waterfront spatial morphology.The Macao-Portuguese government formulated several plans to rebuild Macao into an essential international commercial port by improving port conditions and increase circulation of population and goods,thus enabling greater commercial benefits.This is the fundamental motivation behind the evolution of waterfront spatial morphology in Macao in modern times.Additionally,the Chinese elites formed the social backbone of Macao's economy and culture,balancing the Macao-Portuguese government to some extent due to their strong social influence.Chinese businessmen who master the urban economy promoted the urban construction with abundant capitals.Evolution of waterfront spatial morphology in Macao in modern times is not only a representative construction achievement of local urban modernization,but also an important product of social changes in Macao.Reviewing the evolution of waterfront spatial morphology in Macao during this period and interpreting fundamental motivations have the academic significance of deepening and expanding urban studies of Macao.Summarizing this information for reference has important practical significance for future urban waterfront space planning and development in Macao.