生态系统适配技术下的山地公园设计方法探索

Mountain Park Design Methods Using Ecosystem Adaptation Technology

场地尺度下城市绿地通过改善风、热、声、水等环境提供生态系统调节服务,对提升人居环境生态质量具有重要意义。梳理并凝练了场地尺度下调节服务的多层级生态系统适配技术,提出了基于适配技术的山地公园设计方法,包括地形格局规划、地形适配调整和场景生态设计策略。以南京江北新区山地公园为例,运用ArcGIS、Fluent、Cadna/A等数字技术进行场地评估,优化场地结构,通过地形适配与空间适配构建生态空间格局。系统探索了场地尺度生态系统服务理念下的山地公园设计实践,初步构建了方法体系,为提升景观环境生态效益和建设高质量城市公园提供了新思路。

The spatial scale of ecological processes correspond to the performance of ecosystem services,which manifests in the physical scale and the evaluation scale of the ecosystem.Urban green spaces provide ecosystem regulation by improving wind,heat,sound,and water environments,which has significance for improving the ecological quality of human settlements.In this study,the overall features,element features,and node scenes of Mountain Park in Jiangbei New District,Nanjing were explored and investigated with reference to regulation service functions and action scales combined with landscape design operation logic.Ecosystem adaptation technologies present in these overall features,element features,and node scenes under field scales were summarized.Mountain park design methods based on adaptation technology were proposed,including terrain pattern planning,terrain adaptive adjustment,and scene ecological design strategy.Terrain pattern was planed on the overall feature level(10-100ha).Wind environment was simulated by Fluent to determine quantitative distribution of wind direction and wind speed in winter and summer.Combined with surrounding pollution distribution,air quality was improved via ventilation corridors and wind barriers.Hydrological analysis was carried out using ArcGIS.Surface runoff network was calculated and the catchment area was expanded according to local conditions.Waterscapes were created to supplement natural water sources and guarantee safety from flooding in the surrounding area.The terrain adaptive adjustment was implemented and the spatial structure of the element feature level(1-10ha)was determined.According to field ecological conditions and human demands for air,heat,and sound environments,standards for parameterized siting were formed.A field DEM model was constructed using ArcGIS.Ecological measurements of field elevation,slope,exposure,and runoff distribution were calculated.The field noise distribution was determined using Cadna/A.The most comfortable wind speed intervals were calculated using a thermal comfort tool according to activity intensity and seasonal climate.The project site was chosen by superposing calculations.Sites which could not meet the parameter threshold were analyzed and modification goals were proposed.A visual parameter terrain reconstruction algorithm was established using grasshopper.After terrain modification and iterative optimization,sites for all activities could be matched with suitable terrain.Plant planning was implemented by combining the habitat needs of plants and regulation service functions.An overall plan was made for invisible wind,heat,and sound environments,visible water environment and plant layouts,and functional demands of human activities,and a multi-level matching ecological space structure was generated.An ecological design strategy was proposed by studying ecological elements at the node scene level(<1ha).A field survey was carried out on typical landscape spaces in parks in the same city,wherein air quality,microclimate,and sound environmental data were analyzed.Moreover,NAI concentration,thermal comfort,and sound environment were improved via design means like micro-terrain,planting,waterscapes,and structures.Ecological design strategies for typical landscape scenes were built by combining human activities and corresponding expectation indexes.The Mountain Park design practices were explored systematically from the perspective of ecosystem services.A multilevel ecosystem technological design framework was established from overall pattern and terrain adjustment to node scenes.It addresses the philosophy and goals of ecosystem regulation,and the ecological environmental quality under field scale is closely linked with human welfare.The ecological design technology and traditional landscape morphological design were combined organically through parameterized design technologies like terrain matching,spatial matching,and element matching.This provides new ideas to improve the ecological benefits of landscape environments and facilitates the construction of high-quality urban parks.