推拉理论视角下我国乡村教师流动的影响因素及优化路径

The Influence Factors and Optimizing Paths of Rural Teachers Mobility in China from the Perspective of Push-Pull Theory

乡村教师是我国乡村教育发展的主力军,但长期面临着因城乡二元结构差异造成的下不去、留不住、教不好的现实困境。引入推拉理论,并结合我国乡村人口及教师流动的实际对托达罗模型进行了修正,建立了多元回归模型。研究结果表明,城乡预期收入差异对乡村教师流动有显著影响,城市居民高收入水平以及广阔的就业空间对乡村教师吸引程度较高,城乡居民消费水平的差异是阻碍乡村教师“向城流动”的重要因素,城乡人口流动程度、城乡教育文化需求差异和医疗水平差异对乡村教师流动的影响不显著。建议:应深化制度改革,进一步降低城乡预期收入差异,弱化乡村推力;应培育乡村教师文化情怀,拓宽乡村教师发展渠道,增强乡村教师的乡土认同,弱化城市拉力,以有效减缓乡村教师“向城流动”,促进优质教师“逆城返乡”。

Rural teachers are the main force in the development of rural education in China,but for a long time they have faced the realistic difficulties of"being unable to go down,to retain,and to teach well"due to the urban-rural dual structure.By introducing the push-pull theory,and conbine it with the actual situation of rural population and teacher mobility in China,Todaro Migration Model has been modified and the multiple re-gression model has been established.The results show that the expected urban-rural income difference has a significant impact on the mobility of rural teachers,and the high income level and broad employment space of urban residents are highly attractive to rural teachers;and that the difference in the consumption level of urban and rural residents is an important factor hindering the mobility of rural teachers to the city,while the difference in the mobility degree of urban and rural population,the difference in educational and cultural needs and the difference in medical level have no significant impact on the mobility of rural teachers.It suggests that the system reform should be deepened,and the expected urban-rural income difference should be further narrowed to weaken the rural push factors;and that the cultural feelings and the development channels of rural teachers should be cultivated and broadened,and rural teachers'native identity should be strengthened to weaken the pull of cities,so as to effectively slow down the"mobility to the city"of rural teachers and promote the"returning to the countryside"of high-quality teachers.