阿拉姆语施格性的历史来源

The Historical Bases for the Rise of Aramaic Ergativity

亚非语系闪语族语言普遍呈现主宾配置,该配置模式也因此被构拟至原始闪语。在闪族后代语言中,新阿拉姆语诸变体中产生了分裂施通配置。由于新阿拉姆语(特别是东北新阿拉姆语)在地理上与具有相似时态分裂施通配置的伊朗语族语言交错分布,新阿拉姆语的施通配置往往被视为伊朗语—阿拉姆语语言接触中阿拉姆语从伊朗语直接借贷的结构。本文从共时和历时角度审视新阿拉姆语(以图尔·阿卜丁新阿拉姆语为例)中的施通结构,并与Haig勾勒的伊朗语族施通配置的历时发展相比较。依照Zhang(2021)针对闪语族语言接触诱导语序变动提出的复合模型,本文强调闪语自身结构和闪语派生自动词的分词/形容词进入动词系统的趋势,共同促成既有的相合结构被语言使用者选择为调和手段,接触则作为施通配置产生的催化剂,强化了该历时演变。演变的枢轴则更可能是完成/结果语义,而非被动语义。

Due to its existence in practically all major languages of the Semitic family in the Afroasiatic phylum,the nominative-accusative alignment has been reconstructed as Proto-Semitic.Among the descendant languages,split-ergative alignment arose in Neo-Aramaic.Because of the fact that Neo-Aramaic,especially Northeastern Neo-Aramaic,intertwines geographically with Iranian languages with similar tense-based split ergativity,the rise of ergativity in Neo-Aramaic has been suggested as a direct structural borrowing from Iranian as a result of Iranian-Aramaic language contact.This paper examines the ergative alignment in Neo-Aramaic,withṬuroyo as a representative,and compares it with the diachronic development outlined by Haig(2021)for the rise of Iranian ergativity.In accordance with the combined model proposed in the author's dissertation on contact-induced word order shifts in Semitic,this paper emphasizes that the native Semitic structures as well as the potentials for deverbal participles and adjectives to enter the verbal system co-act as the congruence selected by speakers in communication accommodation.Language contact,on the other hand,functions as the accelerator for the rise of ergativity and strengthens the historical development.The pivot of this development is more likely the resultative/perfective semantics,rather than the previously assumed passive semantics.