社会保险法中家庭主体地位的建构——老龄化社会家庭照护之挑战与回应

The Construction of Family-Centered Social Insurance Law:Challenges of and Responses to Family Care in an Aging Society

我国现行社会保险制度以个人为保障主体,难以惠及家庭成员。“家庭”是最重要的社会团体形式,亦是老龄化社会中承担家务劳动与家庭照护责任的最小社会单位。以家庭为主体建构社会保险制度,使社会保险待遇对家庭中主要承担家务劳动与照护责任的一方合理倾斜分配,充分体现社会保险法的社会法属性。从我国社会保险法的实际情况看,可借鉴他国的既有经验。完善家庭作为养老保险待遇的主体地位,健全被保险人死亡或离婚时养老金权益的法律处理方式;将家庭成员纳入职工基本医疗保险;在长期护理保险中建立对家庭内部照护的津贴与保障制度;构建以家庭为待遇享受主体的生育保障制度。

China's current social insurance system primarily focuses on individual beneficiaries,often leaving dependent family members inadequately protected.In an aging society,the family serves as both a fundamental social entity and the smallest unit responsible for domestic chores and caregiving.A social insurance system centered around the family would enable a more equitable distribution of benefits,especially for those primarily engaged in household and caregiving roles.This approach better aligns with the principles of social law within the framework of social insurance legislation.Building on international experiences and existing social insurance laws in China,this paper proposes several reforms:elevating the family's role in pension insurance benefits;refining legal protections around pension rights in cases of the insured's death or divorce;extending basic employee medical insurance to family members;introducing financial allowances and safeguards for informal family caregivers within long-term care insurance;and developing a maternity protection system that centers the family as the primary beneficiary.