4Saif Y M,Barnes H J,Glisson J R,et al.Diseases of poultry[M].Eleventh edition.Ames:Iowa state university press,2003,1001-1005.
5dcDougald LR. Blackhead disease (Histomoniasis) in poultry: a ritical review[J]. Avian Disease, 2005, 49: 462-6.
6Grabensteiner E, Hess M. PCR for the identification and differ- entiation of Histomonas meleagridis , Tetrichomonas gallinarum and Blastocystis spp [J]. Veterinary Parasitology, 2006, 142: 223-30.
7McDougald LR, Galloway RB. Blackhead disease in vitro isola- tion of Histomonas meleagidis as a polentially useful diagnostic aid[J]. Avian Disease, 1973, 17: 847-50.
8Drbohlav AJ. The cultivation of the protozoan of blackhead[J]. J Med Res, 1924, 44: 677-8.
9Lesser N. In vitro cultivation of Histomonas meleagridis free of demonstrable baeteria[J]. Parasitology, 1961, 8 228-23.
10Dwyer DM. An improved method for cultivating Histomonas meleagridis[J]. Parasitology, 1970, 56 192-3.
