俍兵并未消失:清代俍兵俍田的制度与实践

“Lang”Soldiers Did Not Disappear:The System and Practice of“Lang”Soldiers and“Lang”Fields in the Qing Dynasty

据清代俍兵档案、刑科题本和俍目粮户凭照等官私文献可知,清代俍兵俍人并未消失,不过因制度和管理方式变化有了多样化发展:官府调征并设土官衙门建立兵堡而屯守桂东岭西的俍兵基本被裁(后部分恢复);部分以招俍耕守方式东迁的俍兵俍人以民兵方式保留,耕俍田纳俍米,防守隘卡并免差役。乾嘉两次清查俍兵提供了清代俍兵俍田的数量及分布情况,而横州个案则反映出俍兵在清代的生存发展状况以及乾嘉清查俍兵政策对他们的深刻影响,现今以俍目粮户凭照形式留存的俍兵占田及身份凭证,正是俍兵后裔记录并坚守祖先俍兵身份记忆和祭祀仪式的凭据。

According to evidence gleaned from official and private documents such as the Qing archives of lang soldiers,routine memorials to the Board of Punishments,and lang soldiers grain household vouchers,the lang soldiers did not disappear in the Qing Dynasty,but their duties were diversified due to changes in their management.The government transferred lang soldiers and established local government offices to establish military fortresses.While the lang soldiers stationed in the west of the Guidong Mountains were basically dismissed(but later partially restored).Some of the lang soldiers and lang people who migrated eastward were recruited to be farmers and guards and retained as militia and farmed mountain plots and received lang rice.Those who defended the mountain pass were exempted from military service.Two inspections of lang soldiers in the Qianlong and Jiaqing reigns,have provided information on the quantity and distribution of lang soldiers and their fields,while the case of Hengzhou reflects the survival and development of lang soldiers in the Qing Dynasty.The inspections of lang soldiers'had a profound impact.The lang soldiers'occupation of fields and their identity certificates preserved in the form of grain household certificates are precise evidence for the descendants of lang soldiers to record and adhere to their ancestral identity,memories,and sacrificial ceremonies.