兵民之间:清代广西堡兵制度的因革与调适

Between Soldiers and Civilians:The Evolution and Adjustment of the Fortress Soldier System in Guangxi during the Qing Dynasty

堡兵制度是明清广西一种独特的地方兵制,兴起于明朝中叶,鼎盛于万历年间。清初,堡兵制度并未像卫所制度一样被直接废除,而是根据广西各地兵防的实际情况进行处置。一部分堡兵“化兵为民”,堡田归入正赋,融入当地民户民田之内。还有一部分堡兵堡田,仍然得到清朝在制度层面的承认与延续。地方官府通过“清查造册”“另立军田户名”“给予印照管业”“承田充兵”等一系列制度进行管理,以求实现“寓兵于农”的效果。部分地方的堡兵制度,甚至延续到民国才被正式废除。

The fortress soldier system was a unique local military system in Guangxi during the Ming and Qing dynasties,which emerged in the mid-Ming and reached its peak during the Wanli reign.In the early Qing,the fortress soldier system was not directly abolished like the garrison system but was managed according to the actual situation of military defense in different regions of Guangxi.A portion of the fortress soldiers were transformed into civilians,and their“fortress fields”were incorporated into the locally taxed fields.A portion of the fortress soldiers and the fortress fields were retained and extended by the Qing Dynasty at the institutional level.Local governments managed a series of changes to the fortress soldier system,such as“inventory and registration”,“establishment of new military household names”,“granting licenses for management”,and“taking over fields by serving as soldiers”,to achieve the goal of“former soldiers becoming peasants.”In some places the fortress soldier system was not officially abolished until the Republican period.