程序法视野下代位债权人的受偿规则——以《民法典》第537条“但书”部分为中心

The Rules of Subrogation of Creditors from the Perspective of Procedural Law——Focusing on the“Proviso”Part of Article 537 of the Civil Code

关于代位权诉讼的法律效果,《民法典》第537条“但书”部分提示了直接清偿原则不等同于优先清偿,而应当结合程序法上的保全、执行和破产程序来理解代位债权人的受偿规则。有多个债权人竞争时诉讼场景复杂多样,代位权诉讼和普通诉讼场景可能并存,前者不当然具有优先受偿的效力,这是考虑程序性措施效力的逻辑前提。次债权被采取保全、执行措施情况下代位债权人遵循程序性优先受偿规则,采取查封措施的时间决定了代位债权人的受偿顺序。保全、执行措施不影响代位权诉讼程序的审理,但会对法人、非法人债权人关于债务人责任财产的实体分配产生不同影响。债务人进入破产程序后,代位债权人遵循平等主义的受偿规则,代位权诉讼及执行遭排斥,已发生的偏颇清偿需要予以撤销。

Regarding the legal effect of subrogation litigation,the“Proviso”part of Article 537 of the Civil Code suggests that the rule of direct-liquidation is not equivalent to priority settlement,but that the subrogation rules should be understood in conjunction with preservation,enforcement and bankruptcy procedure in procedural law.When there are multiple creditors competing,the litigation scenarios are complex and diverse.The subrogation litigation and ordinary litigation scenarios may coexist,and the former does not naturally have the effect of priority settlement,which is the logical premise for considering the effectiveness of procedural measures.When subrogated claims are subject to preservation and enforcement measures,subrogated creditors follow the procedural priority rule,and the time of attachment measures determines the order of payment of subrogated creditors.Preservation and enforcement measures will not affect the trial of subrogation proceedings,but will have different impacts on the distribution of entities of legal persons and unincorporated creditors on the debtor’s liability property.After the debtor enters bankruptcy procedure,subrogated creditors follow the egalitarian rules of payment,subrogation litigation and enforcement are excluded,and biased liquidation that has occurred needs to be revoked.