近代汉语中的动源职事称谓

Verb-derived Appellations from Occupation in Modern Chinese

动源职事称谓是指由职事义动词直接转指为职事人员的称谓。近代汉语动源职事称谓从结构上看,以动宾式和并列式为主,且动词多转指为施事;从内部语义和语法来看,存在“异形同指”和“同形异构”两种情况;从义类优势分布和转指语义限制来看,与现代汉语动源职事称谓既有相同之处,又有差异。其相同之处表现为:表示高级职事的动词比表示低级职事的动词更具转指优势;兼表非职事义的动词和受事义类丰富的动词发生无标记转指时会受到限制。其差异表现为:当动宾式职事称谓发生转指时,近代汉语中作宾语的名词性成分越具体,就越具有转指优势;现代汉语中作宾语的名词性成分越具体,则越受到转指限制。

Verb-derived appellations from occupation refer to the appellation of personnel based on the direct transfer of action verbs to job titles.Structurally,in modern Chinese,the verb-derived appellations from occupation are predominantly characterized by the use of constructions of a transitive verb and its object and coordination.Moreover,the verbs often undergo a shift from action to agent-oriented meaning.From both internal semantic and syntactic perspectives,two situations,namely,different forms with the same reference and same forms with different structures,exist.In terms of the distribution of semantic categories and the constraints on referential shift,there are both similarities and differences compared to appellations from occupation derived from action verbs in modern Chinese.The similarities are observed in the fact that verbs denoting higher-level positions of occupation exhibit a greater propensity for referential shift than those denoting lower-level positions of occupation.However,verbs that also express non-occupation-related meanings and verbs with rich object-oriented meanings face restrictions when undergoing unmarked referential shift.The differences manifest when transitive verb-object titles from occupation undergo referential shift.In modern Chinese,the more specific the noun component functions as object,the more the referential shift find its way.In comtemportary Chinese,the more specific the noun component functions as the object,the more restricted the referential shift becomes.