元代科举与社会舆论的生成及传播

The Imperial Examination and the Generation and Communication of Public Opinions in the Yuan Dynasty

元代科举是一个复杂的社会系统工程,对于元朝官方和民间社会都产生了重要影响。这些影响之中,有关科举生成的社会舆论及其传播是值得关注的重要课题。元代科举在长期废置的情况下举行,引起全国社会舆论的活跃和各社会群体的频繁互动。元朝在后至元元年废除科举,再一次引起社会舆论的高涨,反映了元朝蒙古统治下科举发展的艰难历程。元朝科举实行期间,每次乡试、会试和殿试考试之后,都是社会舆论生成和传播的活跃时期。元朝科举试题涉及当时现实问题较多,大部分问题都是当时士人和官场热议的问题。参加科举考试的士人们在分析历史经验的基础上,以传统儒家治国理念为指导,探讨相关问题的解决办法,写成答卷。一些优秀答卷会在科举考试以后出版的《三场文选》之类的科举参考书中收录,促成了这些社会现实问题在更广泛的范围内,被更多的人议论,从而形成社会舆论,促成士人参政、议政,引起士人与官方之间的良性互动。

The imperial examination in the Yuan Dynasty,a complex social system engineering,had significant impacts on both the official and civil society of the Dynasty,among which the related social public opinion and its disseminationare important topics worth our attention.It was held under the long-term abolition and caused active public opinions and frequent interaction among various social groups throughout the country.The later abolition of the examination in the first year of the reign of Zhiyuan again triggered a surge in public opinion,reflecting the difficult process of the development under the Mongolian rule.Afterdifferent levels of the examination,the generation and dissemination of social public opinion became active.The examination involved many practical issues at that time,most of which were hotly discussed by scholars and officials at that time.On the basis of analyzing historical experience and guided by the traditional Confucian concept of governing the country,the participants explored solutions to related problems and offered their answers.Some excellent answers would be included in the reference books such as Selected Works from the Imperial Exam published after the examination,which had facilitated the discussion of these social reality issues on a broader scale by more people,thus forming social public opinion,promoting the participation and discussion of scholars in politics,and triggering positive interaction between scholars and the government.