整体视野中的意大利政治文化——以法西斯意大利的现实主义为例

Italian Political Culture in a Holistic Perspective-A Case Study of Realism in Fascist Italy

意大利史研究长久以来呈现出相对“断裂式”的发展态势,即以古罗马史、文艺复兴史和法西斯史为特定主题,强调其各自独特性、重要性,由此缺乏对意大利史作为完整研究对象的系统性、连贯性讨论。实际上,意大利史可从整体视角切入,断代研究方法并不排斥历史延续性和内在逻辑的统一性。以法西斯意大利史为例,作为第二次世界大战的策源地之一,学界对其外交政策的研究已取得丰硕成果,但以意大利本土及英语世界的研究者为主,中国学界的关注及成果较集中于个别研究者。以往研究倾向于将法西斯意大利外交“单独”探讨,认为其自成体系,明显区别于自由政府时期,其强烈的投机色彩主要归咎于法西斯党和墨索里尼的个人作用。然而,法西斯意大利外交遵循的可称为“现实主义”的路径,在法西斯夺权后的若干年里,与自由政府时期的外交选择并无本质区别,甚至二者均受到意大利传统政治外交文化的影响,因其共同面临意大利自统一以来就已形成的经济基础薄弱、国家实力欠缺、强权环伺等局面。“现实主义”是两段不同历史时期的共同选择,法西斯意大利亦是整体意大利史中既特殊又具有某种关联性、共性的历史阶段。

The study of Italian history has long shown a relatively“fractured”development,namely,the history of Ancient Rome,the Renaissance and the history of Fascism as a specific theme,emphasizing the uniqueness and importance of each of them,which lacks a systematic and coherent discussion of the history of Italy as a complete object of study.In fact,Italian histo⁃ry can be approached from a holistic perspective,and the method of interrupted studies does not exclude historical continuity and the unity of internal logic.Taking the history of Fascist Italy as an example,as one of the fountainheads of the World War II,re⁃search on its foreign policy has been fruitful,but it has been dominated by researchers from Italy itself and the English-speaking world,while the attention and achievements of the Chinese academic community have been more focused on individual research⁃ers.Previous studies have tended to“isolate”Fascist Italian diplomacy,arguing that it was self-contained,clearly distinct from the period of liberal government,and that its strong speculative overtones were largely attributable to the personal role of the Fas⁃cist party and Mussolini.However,Fascist Italy’s diplomacy followed what might be called a“realist”path,which,in the years following the Fascist seizure of power,was not fundamentally different from the diplomatic choices made during the period of liber⁃al government,even if both were influenced by Italy’s traditional political-diplomatic culture,which was confronted with the weak economic foundations,the lack of national strength,and the presence of strong powers in the country,which had already been in place since the country’s unification.“Realism”is the common choice of two different historical periods,and Fascist Ita⁃ly is also a special but somehow related and common historical stage in the overall Italian history.