从“卑劣之徒”到“大班智达”——16—17世纪西藏政治转折中的后藏门卓家族父子

From"scoundrel"to"Great Pandita":The MondröFamily in 16th-17th Century Tibet's Political Transition

门卓家族因与觉囊派高僧贡嘎卓却拥有叔侄关系,故而得以担任觉囊寺管家。不过,随着转世活佛多罗那他的崛起,双方因为寺庙的管理权和利益问题,逐渐产生矛盾,最后演变到对庭决裂。多罗那他称该家族为“卑劣之徒”,在自传中充满负面记载。17世纪初,门卓家族的贡噶次旺顿珠通过各种办法,得以离开觉囊山谷,进入藏巴汗政权中心。同时,前藏年轻的五世达赖喇嘛非常欣赏其学识,称为“大班智达”,随着格鲁派政权的建立,不仅邀请贡噶次旺顿珠之子降央旺嘉多吉作为小五明导师,而且使其参与到1652年的赴京使团中。通过考察五世达赖喇嘛和多罗那他自传对门卓家族截然不同的叙述,我们得以窥探门卓家族在16-17世纪的西藏政治转折中,如何走出困境与实现身份蝶变的独特历程。

The Mondröfamily of Tsang began as administrators of the lay officials of Chos-lung-byang-rtse,a tem⁃ple of the Jonang School.However,with Taranatha's rise,and because of the temple's management rights and in⁃terests,conflicts arose between the Mondöfamily and the Jonang school,resulting in a lawsuit.Taranatha uncere⁃moniously called the family"scoundrels",and negative descriptions of the Mondröfamily run throughout his bi⁃ography.At the beginning of the 17th century,MondröKunga Tsewang Dondrup was able to reach the upper eche⁃lons of the Tsangpa court and obtained an important position.The Fifth Dalai Lama lauded him as the"Great Pandita"for his scholarship.With the establishment of the Geluk authority,the 5th Dalai Lama invited Kunga Tsewang Dondrup's son,Jamyang Wanggyal Dorje,to instruct him in the five minor sciences,and 5th Dalai La⁃ma also invited him to attend the mission to Beijing in 1652 as an elite member of his retinue.This article draws on autobiographical records of the 5th Dalai lama and Taranatha and reconstructs the unique transformation of the Mondröfamily during the political transition period of the 16th and 17th centuries through consideration of two diametrically opposed narratives.